ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— TRUE MOLARS. 107 



A crown, No. G14, Museum Royal College of Surgeons of England, supposed to bo 

 of Arctic origin, and likely so, as the tooth is withered and dark-coloured like Siberian 

 teeth, holds distinctly ci? 17 a* in 8 X 3- S inches, and eight ridges iu 2"8 inches. The 

 enamel is very thin and uncrimped. 



In the Woodwardian Museum there is a lower molar, No. 300, which holds 

 .?? 18 X in 7 X 2f , and contains eight ridges in 4"2. The locality unfortunately is unknown : 

 that it is a second or penultimate true molar is at once demonstrated by the flattening on 

 the heel, and pressure scar of the ultimate in that situation. 



Another in the same collection from St. Neots, Huntingdonshire, has the crown much 

 bent, and holds 18 x in 8|x2f, with the loss of the anterior talon only. Here the 

 narrow crown is like that of the Mammoth, with which, however, it has no other common 

 characters. These two teeth bring the extremes of the second true molar up to the 

 minimum expression in the ultimate, as will appear presently. 



Mandibles representing various states of wear of the penultimate molar are not 

 uncommon in collections. They exhibit similar individual discrepancies in relative dimen- 

 sions as mark the jaws of the preceding member of the dental series, and are suggestive 

 of the characters of the mandible of the Mammoth. 



A typical instance is shown in a mandible from Erith, Kent, in the British IMuseura, 

 where three coUines of the last tooth are seen emerging above the gum, but are 1^ inches 

 below the level of the crown, whilst the second true molar, with fourteen plates and a 

 posterior talon, is more than half ground down. Perhaps the anterior talon and iirst 

 plate are worn out, as the heel of the tooth is l^inch in front of the anterior border of the 

 coronoid. The diasteme has been restored with plaster, but the height of the jaw in 

 front of the tooth is 5| inches. The enamel, as in the Crayford molars, is thin. The length 

 of the crown is 6^, and breadth 2'9 inches. 



The jaw. No. 48 C, Brady Catalogue, is another good illustration. It is broken 

 across behind the penultimate molars, and the preceding teeth have lost a ridge or two» 

 leaving 15 a; in 7'7x3'3 inches. 



Here the enamel is thick and crimped, a character oftener seen in Ilford molars than 

 in the majority of teeth from British strata, the abnormal crimping and expansion of the 

 disks of this specimen are, as suggested by Davies, doubtless owing to the obliquity of 

 wear of the crowns. 



The rostrum in Woodcuts, figs. 10 and 24 (p. 139), shows a shallow groove down the 

 middle, and the mentary foramina are irregular, there being three on the right and only 

 two on the left. 



A mandible, No. 38,567, B.M., with the second true molar much detrited, and the last 

 coming into wear, there being only five of the anterior ridges just invaded, is represented 

 by a specimen '' from Peat," in the harbour of Holyhead, got during excavations in con- 

 nection with its docks.* (See Woodcuts, figs. G and 20, p. 138)^ The jaw has lost its 



^ Lyell, 'Principles of Geology,' vol. i, p. 545. 



