ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— TRUE MOLARS. 115 



d'Hist. Naturelle de Lyon.' Teeth holding apparently a? 24 <^ in about 10^X3|^ inches 

 are represented in vol. i, plate xi, figs. 1 to 5. The ridge-formula in one specimen, 

 apparently not entire, amounts to twenty-nine plates (see plate xiii, fiig. 1). Here the 

 ridges are crowded together and the crowns have all the appearance of Arctic specimens. 



A mandible, with the two last molars, in the British Museum, from Bergstrasse, 

 near Heidelberg, has the hinder parts of the teeth hidden, so that the ridge-formula 

 cannot be ascertained with certainty. There are twenty-one plates besides the anterior 

 talons exposed in a space of 9x3 inches. Here the enamel and the other constituents 

 are in moderate quantities, showing a typical crown. 



A dark-coloured specimen, said to have been from the Thames Valley, has thin 

 plates. The anterior ridge is broken off, leaving 24 x in 9 inches. It contains eight in 2f 

 inches. This tooth, No. 612 of the Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons, like 600 of the same collection, being imperfect, is not reliable as regards the 

 formula. The latter is the very characteristic ultimate tooth figured by Parkinson and 

 Owen, and referred by the latter to be a second true molar.' It is from Welsbourne, in 

 Warwickshire, and is remarkable for the thinness of its enamel, with faint crimping of 

 the machaRrides of the worn disk, which are well shown in Professor Owen's figure. Only 

 twenty-one or twenty-two plates besides the posterior talon remain, the tooth being much 

 worn ; its contour, however, and the unusual ridge-formula for a second true molar, 

 place it unquestionably, as indicated by Falconer, among the ultimate upper true molars 

 of the Mammoth.^ 



There is a huge upper molar, No. 50, in the Woodwardian Museum, holding twenty- 

 four to twenty-five plates besides talons in 12x4 inches. The crown is much arcuated. 

 The locality is unknown, but it is possibly of British origin. 



A superb specimen in the Dogger-Bank Collection, British Museum, holds x 26 x 

 in 13x5 inches, and contains eight ridges in 4 inches. The inordinate width in this 

 specimen arises from the obliquity of the,plane of detrition, which is at an angle of 45°. 

 This condition is not unfrequent in domesticated Elephants fed on dry food, but is rarely 

 seen among wild animals, at all events to the extent shown in the above specimen. 



There is in the Beechey Collection from Eschscholtz Bay, in the British Museum, 

 a palate specimen holding a fragment of the penultimate and entire last true molars on 

 either side. The latter contain ^ 26 ,2? in 9 X 3 inches, and hold eight plates in 2^ inches. 

 Here, as usual, the enamel is very thin, and the ridges are packed closely with little 

 intervening; cement. 



The only instance of an ultimate molar containing x 27 x that has come under my 

 notice is represented by a specimen from the " bed of the Cherwell," in the Museum 

 of Oxford University. The tooth is 10^X3 inches, and contains eight ridges in a space 

 of 'Z\ inches. The enamel is thin, and the disk free from crimping. 



1 " Organic Eeraains ; " ' Brit. Fossil Mammals,' p. 238, figs. 91 and 92. 



2 'Pal. Mem.,' vol. ii, p. 168. 



