ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— CRANIUM. 127 



In ray ' Monograph on E. antiquus' I showed a similar variation and inconstancy in 

 the number of ridges in its molars. I had not then, however, made a close study of the 

 teeth of E. primigenius, whose ridge formulae, according to the results of late researches, 

 appear to me to stand as follows : 



'{Mejjhas primigenius) 



Milk Molars. 



I. II. III. IV. 



Upper Molars ? — ? .x 3 x — x 4 x .x 6 x—x 9 x .x 9 x — x 12 x 



Lower Molars x 2 x — x 3 x — x 4 x x 6 x—x 9 x x 9 x—x 12 x 



True Molars. 



> ^ ^ 



V. VI. VII. 



,,x 9 X — X 15 X .X 14 X — X 16 x .x 18 x — x 27 x {x 29 x 1) 

 " X 9 OS — X 15 a; a; 14 x — x 16 a; a? 18 x — x 27 a; (a; 29 a: ?) 



{ElepJias antiquus.) 



Milk Molars. True Molars. 



A , . . f- 



II.' III. IV.2 V. VI. VII. 



Upper Molars x 2 a;— a; 3 a; xb x—x 7 x xSx—x 10a ? . . x9x — x \2 x x 1 2 a: — arl3 a; a;15ar — a?20ar 

 Lower Molars a; 3 a:— ? a; 6 a?— a; 8 a: a; 9 a;— a? 11 a; ' 'a; 11 a;— a; 12 a? x\2x—x\ix a; 16 a;— a; 19 .r 



IV. OSTEOLOGY. 



I. CRANIUM. 



The skull of the Mammoth presents much closer affinities to that of the Asiatic than 

 to the African Elephant, or, indeed, any other proboscidean, as far as is known of their 

 skeletons. This opinion, enunciated by Cuvier, has received further confirmation since 

 his time. He characterised the skull of the Mammoth from that of every other species 

 of Elephant then known to him, by the following : — 1. A lengthened cranium. 2. Con- 

 cave forehead. 3. Very long incisive alveoli. 4. Obtuse lower jaw. 5. Large grinders 

 with closely packed and parallel laminae . 



1 The presumed presence of the pre-ante-penultimate milk molar requires the numbers to be arranged 

 accordingly. It is here believed that the .r 2 a; in the upper jaw of E. antiquus represents the 

 minimum ridge formula in the second or ante-penultimate, whilst the so-called pre-ante-penultimate or 

 first milk molar shown in the ridge formula of the Mammoth has not hitherto been recognised in 



E. antiquus. 



2 Just lately a molar came under my notice in the Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, from the 

 " gravel " in the neighbourhood, with so low a ridge formula as a; 8 a- in 39 inches. I therefore make this 

 alteration in the ridge formula as given at p. 47 of my Monograph, 



