ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— CRANIUM. 



133 



generally, however, the skull is tolerably entire, and is unique as far as the British 

 Islands are concerned. 



The following admeasurements of crania of the Mammoth are compared with 

 the recent species. Unfortunately no accurate data of the kind in connection with E. 

 tneridionalis have been, as far as I know, published, although there are magnificent skulls 

 in the Museum of Florence. 







cast 

 urg. 

 nius). 











sfei 



3 ^ — 

 Of 





3 3 5 





llford Cranium,' Bi 

 Museum, PI. VI, fij 

 {E. primigenius). 



Brussels Cranium,' 

 in Mus. Roy. Col. S 

 of Eug. {E. primige 



Siberian. Oss. Fo 

 vol. ii, 208, pi. 1 

 {E. primigenius). 



Siberian. Oss. Fossil 

 8, fig. 1, and ' Phil, 

 vol. xl,pl. {{E.primig 



Siberian. Oss. Fossi 

 xvii* (Adam's skele 

 (£". primigenius). 



Volga Cranium.^ 

 Fossil., pi. 15, fig. 

 primigenius). 



India.s British Mus 

 presented by Corse 

 Asiaticus). 



Ceylon'. 2656, Mus. 

 Coll. Surgeons, Eng 

 {E. Asiaticus). 



African .8 2845 b, 

 Roy. Coll. Surg 

 England {E. Africa 





Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



Inches. 



From the vertex to the premaxillaries 



49i 



41 



56A 



46i 



51 



47i 



42 



44 



24i 



From the vertex to the nasals 



16i 



21 



23i 



... 





19i 



16 



23 



10 



Breadth at the post-orbital processes 



2.H 



28 



... 



■ •■ 



... 



271 



27 



25 



21 



Greatest breadth of the cranium ... 



24 



24 





34i 







34 



30 



22 



Space between the glenoid fossEE ... 



16 



m 









... 



16 



13^ 



lOi 



From the occipital to the premaxil- 





















laries 



36 



33 



37 





37i 



... 



34 



35 



2-i 



From the occipital condyles to the 



vertex 



19 



21 



... 



261 



30i 



... 



22 



-• 



22 



m 





It is important, since bones and teeth of E. mei'idionalis and E. antiquus were 

 constantly confounded with those of the Mammoth, until Falconer established the pre- 

 sence of three distinct species of Elephants among the materials in British collections, 



1 This cranium represents an aged Elephant with the ultimate true molars nearly one half invaded : 

 from the size of the tusks, which are each 8 feet 8 inches from the alveolar border to the apex, and 26 

 inches in their greatest girth, it was no doubt a male. 



2 The teeth in wear are the second true molars, which are more than half detrited. The individual 

 was, therefore, full grown, but as the tusks are slender it may possibly have been a female. 



3 The tooth in this jaw has all the appearance, and Cuvier's description points to it, of being the last 

 true molar, well worn. The size of the alveoli of the tusks indicates an old bull Elephant. 



* Undoubtedly the last molar was in use in this skull. 



5 I am not aware of any record of the exact state of the dentition of this famous specimen, but 

 unquestionably the last of the series must have been in use. 



6 One of the largest specimens of skulls of the Asiatic Elephant, belonging to the long-tusked or 

 Dauntelle variety. It is referred to by Corse, ' Phil. Trans.,' 1798, p. 221, and may be the same cranium 

 shown in pi. 18, fig. 4, of ' Ossemens Fossiles.' The tusk in the above is 46 inches along the convex 

 side, and its maximum girth is 14 inches. The last true molar is in wear. 



7 The second true molar is more than half detrited, and the last is about one third worn. Tusks 

 large. 



8 The first true molar is invaded in this skull. Tusks wanting. 



18 



