352 S. CALVIN AFTONIAN MAMMALIAN FAUNA 



sary allowance for individual variations, the Cox Pit tooth, with its aver- 

 age of two folds, to the inch, is referred to E. columbi, and the Denison 

 tooth, with two and a half folds to the inch, represents, without doubt, 

 the E. primigenius. The last agrees in almost every minute detail with 

 a tooth of E. primigenius from Europe. 



MASTODON : MAMMUT AMERICANVM 



The common American mastodon is represented in the Aftonian col- 

 lections by a portion of the lower jaw — the symphysis and left ramus, 

 with the last three molars in place (plate 25, figure 2) — and by three 

 separate molars. The jaw is from the Pisgah pit and the separate molars 

 are from Missouri Valley. The Pisgah specimen is massive and shows 

 the deep sockets for the mandibular tusks. The teeth from Missouri 

 Valley are molars 4, 5, and 6, but they are not from the same individual. 

 The fifth molar has the crown completely worn down, and the fangs show 

 effects of absorption; the sixth molar is perfectly developed, but prac- 

 tically unworn. 



OTHER PROBOSCIDEAN REMAINS 



The other proboscidean fossils worthy of note include fragments of two 

 tusks from Denison, a complete left tibia (plate 25, figure 5) from Mis- 

 souri Valley, a humerus and a femur (plate 25, figures 4, 6), both imper- 

 fect, from Pisgah, and a cervical vertebra (figure 8) from Turin. A 

 scapula, complete when taken from the pit at Missouri Valley, was 

 allowed to crumble to pieces for lack of care by the finders. There are 

 two caudal vertebrae, and a fragment of a pelvis, and, in addition, there is 

 a section of a lower tusk of the mastodon. 



The large femur mentioned above is 45 inches long, and yet it lacks 

 all of the enlarged proximal end; it is" broken at the thin, flattened part 

 of the shaft below the great trochanter. When complete the length was 

 certainly more than 61 inches, the reported length of the femur of E. im- 

 perator from Keene, Oklahoma, noted by Lucas on page 168 of the work 

 cited above. The Warren mastodon was among the largest of its species ; 

 its femur, complete, is said to be 45 inches in length. 12 The Pisgah 

 femur belonged to an animal larger than the ordinary mastodon, larger 

 than the modern elephant or the northern mammoth, and it is a fair in- 



12 The length of the femur of the Warren mastodon does not seem to be stated in 

 Doctor Warren's classic memoir, hut on page 107 he compares the femur of the Cam- 

 bridge mastodon with that of the elephant Pizarro. This bone in the Cambridge speci- 

 men measures only 36 inches in length. In the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Re- 

 gents of the University of the State of New York, pages 120 and 127, there are compara- 

 tive measurements ; the femur of the Warren mastodon is given as 45 inches long and 

 that of the Cohoes mastodon as 41% inches. 



