TOSITIVE ELEMENTS 467 



distinctive geographic name. These are here described in alphabetical 

 order. 



Acadia. — An extensive marginal positive element with much volcanic 

 activity, embracing the New England states, the maritime provinces of 

 Canada, and Newfoundland. Its fundamental character was impressed 

 upon it previous to Cambric times. During the Paleozoic it was variously 

 dismembered by marine waterways, and was subjected to much elevation 

 and erosion, apparently far more than Appalachia. The greater and 

 more essential portion of this land was first described by Dana 79 as the 

 " Acadian range." He denned it as "commencing in the western part of 

 northern Newfoundland, east of White bay, and extending thence to 

 Saint George bay and cape Eay in southwestern, and beyond over eastern 

 Nova Scotia." According to the maps of the present writer, three lands 

 are here involved, which are named in this memoir Newfoundlandia, 

 Novascotia, and Bretonia. The term could, of course, be used for these 

 lands when united, as is often the case in the Paleozoic, but the writer 

 prefers to make use of Acadia in the widest sense, as denned above. 

 Acadia also includes Dana's "Mount Desert range," elsewhere described. 



Acadia was composed of a number of subelements, which may be denned 

 as follows : Taco7iia 80 embraced more or less of New England and is the 

 largest of the subelements of Acadia. Apparently the greater part of it 

 had been land since the Ordovicic. It included the New Hampshire range 

 and the southern portion of Dana's Mount Desert range. Newfound- 

 landia may be applied to the larger southern and most positive portion of 

 the island, the northern peninsular region being more often a part of 

 Ungava. Dana 81 determined this land as the "Central-Newfoundland 

 range," and described it as "extending over a broad region east of the 

 Exploits Eiver valley, to the east side of Exploits bay." Novascotia may 

 be used for the province by this name, the northwestern portion of which 

 was variously overlapped by the Acadian trough. Dana included this land 

 in his Acadian range, and it is his "Nova Scotia protaxis." 82 Newbruns- 

 wickia represents a small subelement at the northeast of the province of 

 New Brunswick. Dana regarded this land as part of his Mount Desert 

 range. Bretonia stands for the smallest subelement of Acadia, compris- 

 ing the counties of Inverness and Victoria, Cape Breton island. It is 

 also included in Dana's Acadian range mentioned above. 



Acadian range. — See Acadia. ♦ 



79 Dana : American Journal of Science, vol. 39, 1890, p. 379. Bull. Geological Society 

 of America, vol. 1, 1890, p. 37. Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 444. 



80 Grabau : Journal of Geology, Chicago, vol. 17, 1909, p. 221. 



81 Dana : American Journal of Science, vol. 39, 1890, p. 380. 



82 Dana : Bull. Geological Society of America, vol. 1, 1890, p. 37. 



