470 C. SCHUCHERT PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 



Cincinnati axis. — This is represented by the Cincinnati geanticline of 

 Dana, 92 or the Cincinnati uplift of earlier geologists — Newberry and S af- 

 ford — and the Cincinnati plateau of Williams. 93 This low parma had 

 the strike of the Appalachian folds and was at times overlapped by the sea, 

 in which case either end, or both, may have persisted as islands. The 

 northern portion will here be referred to as Cincinnatia (Cincinnati 

 island, Dana 94 ) and the southern end as Tennesseia (Tennessee island,. 

 Dana). The uplift appeared in middle Ordovicic times, and was a 

 marked topographic feature of the Mississippian sea since that time. Cin- 

 cinnatia may have been completely submerged in early Mississippi time, 

 since which it has been land continuously, and today has greater elevation 

 than at any period of the Paleozoic. 95 



Columbia. — The government geologists of Mexico believe that most of 

 their republic was land during the Paleozoic, for such strata occur only 

 along the southern boundary in Chiapas, more extensively along the 

 northern limits, and especially in Sonora. Most of Mexico is deeply 

 buried beneath Mesozoic sediments, and it is in the south and west alone 

 that the metamorphic formations of supposedly pre-Paleozoic age appear 

 at the surface. During the Paleozoic this republic extended northeast- 

 ward through the Llano region of Texas into Louisiana and Arkansas. 

 To this "rather neutral element" may be applied the term Llano of Wil- 

 lis. 96 Columbia is often continued as an unbroken land far to the north, 

 then embracing part or all of Siouxia. 



Ensenada. — The history of southern California, northern Baja Cali- 

 fornia, and western Arizona is very obscure, but geologists surmise that 

 this region was land throughout the greater part of the Paleozoic and 

 possibly until the Pennsylvanic. The elemental name is taken from the 

 town of Ensenada de Todos Santos, Baja California. 



Franklinia. — See Laurentia. 



Greenlandia. — See Laurentia. 



Honduria. — A very persistent positive pre-Paleozoic element, the nu- 

 cleus of which is Honduras. Its geological history seems to be connected 

 with that of Antillia. To the north, in Guatemala, both Paleozoic and 

 Mesozoic strata have been found, while to the south, in Nicaragua, Meso- 

 zoic and probably Paleozoic sediments are reported. 



Kankakeia. 97 — A low, irregular parma trending "northeast from south- 



92 Dana : Bull. Geological Society of America, vol. 1, 1890, pp. 41, 42. 



93 Williams : American Journal of Science, vol. 3, 1897, p. 394. 



94 Dana : Manual of Geology, 1895, pp. 537, 633. 



95 Schuchert in Eastman: Ann. Rep. Geological Survey of Iowa, vol. 18, 1908, map. 



96 Willis : Bull. Geological Society of America, vol. 18, 1907, pp. 394, 397, 398. 



97 Schuchert : American Geologist, 1903, p. 150. 



