BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

 Vol. 12, pp. 25-44, PL. 1 DECEMBER 6, 1900 



GIANTS' KETTLES ERODED BY MOULIN TORRENTS 



BY WAIIRKN UPIIAM 



(Read before the Society June 26, 1900) 

 CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction. . . .* .• 25 



Classification of rock potlioles or giants' kettles 27 



Potholes of subaerial waterfalls and rapids 27 



Giants' kettles of nioulins and subglacial streams 27 



Localities of subglacial potholes 29 



Interstate park of the Saint Croix Dalles 29 



Maine 34 



New Hampshire 35 



Vermont 35 



Massachusetts 35 



Connecticut. 37 



New York 37 



Pennsylvania 38 



Idaho J 38 



Norway and Sweden 39 



The glacier garden, Lucerne 39 



Conditions of erosion of giants' kettles 41 



Glacial streams of giants' kettles and eskers compared 42 



Introduction 



The most interestino^ feature of the Interstate park of Minnesota and 

 Wisconsin, at the Upper Dalles of the Saint Croix river, consists in 

 many large and small water-worn rock potholes, which are also, in their 

 large examples, often called " wells." The languages of German}^, 

 Sweden, and Norway give the name "giants' kettles " to such cylindric 

 or caldron-shaped holes of stream erosion, which are everywhere char- 

 acteristic of waterfalls and rapids, especially in crystalline rocks. Their 

 Spanish name, remolino, used in the Republic of Colombia, has been 

 recently advocated by Mr Oscar H. Hershey for adoption by geologists ; * 



* Science, new series, vol. 10, p. 58, July 14, 1899, followed by remarks of criticism or approval by 

 others on pages 88, 187, and 298 of the same volume. 



V— Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 12, 1900 (25) 



