XOl^WAV AN*h sWKDEN ' 30 



ciated districts. Beneatli tlie ice-walled csker river tlie bed rock was 

 worn and soulntiired witli hollows and giants' kettles. Of the locality 

 where this has been made known h}- gold mining, Professor Stone writes 

 as follows : 



. . . " On tho hills between Red Horse and American rivers the placer miners 

 have washed away the overlying j^ravel. Tlie rock beneath the gravel is very 

 mncli smoothed and polished, but is very uneven, containing many rounded de- 

 pressions, bowls, and potholes up to five feet in depth. Evidently here was a 

 broad river that flowed up and over hills and valleys. That it disregarded the 

 surface forms of the land proves that it was enclosed betiveen walls of ice. Tlie 

 stratification is not arched in cross-section like that of the osar proper, but is hori- 

 zontal, like the deposit I have elsewhere described as the osar plains of INIaine."* 



NORWAY AND SWEDEN 



Giants' kettles referable to moulin waterfalls and subglacial stream 

 erosion are known at many localities in Norway and Sweden, according 

 to S. A. Sexe, Brogger and Reusch, Baron Gerard De Geer, and others. 



In the close vicinity of Christiania numerous giants' kettles have been 

 discovered and cleared of the glacial drift and water-rounded stones 

 which filled them. The locality of greatest interest is Kongshavn, a 

 southeastern suburb on the shore of the Christiania fjord, where, between 

 the lines of low and high tide, a glacial pothole eroded in gneiss was 

 found, on the removal of its drift contents, to be 16 feet deep, with a 

 diameter of 5 feet. Another pothole, from which the drift was excavated 

 under Professor Kjerulf's direction, measures 34 feet in depth on one side 

 and 44 feet on its higher side, having a nearly cylindric but somewhat 

 spiral or rifle-like form, 8 to 12 feet in diameter. The altitude of its 

 mouth is 90 feet above the sea.f 



Taking up the question of the probable epoch or stage of the Ice age 

 in which the Christiania giants' kettles were eroded, we are confronted 

 by the occurrence of marine shorelines and shells in deposits overlying 

 the glacial drift, which demonstrate that during the time of the glacial 

 recession there the land w^as depressed about 600 feet below its present 

 height. It is impossible to ascribe the moulins and potholes to torrential 

 agency so far beneath the sealevel, and consequently they must belong 

 at Christiania to the earlier time of high land elevation and snow and 

 ice accumulation. 



THE GLACIER GARDEN, LUCERNE 



Excavation in the glacial drift for a cellar, in the year 1872, first re- 

 vealed a part of the very admirable group of giants' kettles which is now 



* Amer. Jour. Sci., fourth series, vol. 9, pp. 9-12, January, 1900. 



t" Giants' kettles at Christiania," by W. C. Brogger and H. H. Reusch, in Quart. Jour. Geol, Soc, 

 London, vol. 30, 1874, pp. 750-771. 



