FJ.OWS AM) KISSIRES 40 



coverin«r the islaiul with :i thin, vapor-like pall." ..." In two seconds an 

 acre of ground woultl be covered a foot deep with lava." . . . " StalactiteK 

 formed before the rush wholly dropped, and in a moment they could be ween 

 hanging from the roof, still dripping, but all bent downstream." 



Flows along a Ridge 



The 1899 and older flows started from near the crest of a ridge or water- 

 shed and extend from the summit northeasterly, including Puu ula ula 

 and Kulani. The points of eruption are so near the crest that a slight 

 change in its position will cause the lava to flow toward the north (Kea) 

 or toward the south (Kau). The 1899 flow was thought at one time to 

 be moving south, but it finally discharged north. 



The flow of 1880 moved in three directions — first, toward Mauna Kea 

 for about three weeks ; second, starting a mile lower down the ridge, 

 directed toward Kau for 10 miles, averaging a mile in width ; third, 

 commencing half a mile still lower down, moving first toward Kea and 

 then sweeping around to the right toward Hilo, a distance of 45 miles. 



The 1899 flow continued to run till July 26, having a length of 15 miles 

 and a width of about a mile along its lower course. It consisted chiefly 

 of'aa." 



Flssures 



Extensive fissures follow the crest of the ridge, from one or more of 

 which the latest discharges have proceeded. Some of them may be fol- 

 lowed for miles, both up and down, but none have been reported imme- 

 diately adjacent to Mokuaweoweo. Corresponding crevices have been 

 described as pointing toward the summit at Waiohinu, Kahuku, Keala- 

 kekua, and other localities, so that we have the phenomenon of a central 

 elevated pit with immense fissures directed radially from it, and all the 

 eruptions known are located on some one of these fissures. 



Atmospheric Phe^^omena 



A column of smoke constantly arose from the points of ejection, visible 

 on all sides. It expanded as it arose, and closely resembled the so-called 

 " pine tree " shown on photographs of eruptions from Vesuvius. The 

 northeast trade-wind does not reach the altitude of the outbursts ; hence 

 the vapors may arise vertically and be spread out on all sides like an 

 enormous umbrella. While the south wind blew the smoke cloud 

 reached Honolulu, on Oahu, 200 miles distant. Some peo})le observed 

 a distinctly sulphurous odor, while one gentleman asserts that he had 



