sii i;i.i.-r,i-;AKi.\(. (;i{a\i<:ls ll>3 



ofbouKlor clay, witli a lew teetolcDarsc, shelly jiravel resting on or a<j;ainst 

 it. It appears as if these ridges formed shoals in the shallow sea, where 

 wave action worked up the stones of the houlder-clay into local gravel 

 deposits, one thin sheet of shelly gravel even lying on to}) of a druinlin 

 of rather irregular shajie west of Finch. 



A typical exanii)le is found at McMillans gravel i)it near the same 

 village, where 12 ieet of gravel, with Saxlcava rugosa, Mdcomci fra(/ilis, 

 and Mytilus ednlis, rest on 10 feet of very stony boulder-clay, the whole 

 sloping oft' gently on all sides to the level plain. 



One of the largest of these gravel deposits occurs north of Monklands, 

 at a railway ballast pit called Warina, where a steam shovel is at work, 

 exposing a fresh section 80 feet high, showing coarsely stratified gravel 

 and sand, in the lower part containing many boulders, sometimes 8 or 4 

 feet in diameter. The lower portion of the deposit, which rests on 

 stony clay, shows no shells, but the upper and better stratified gravel 

 and sand look like a beach formation, having thin layers of garnet sand 

 and many shells of saxicava and macoma. This gravel hill runs about 

 north 35 degrees east and rises 390 feet above sealevel. 



Many other ridges of the sort, some as large as the one just noted, 

 but most of them smaller and lower, are to be seen in the region ; but 

 only the most southerly, near Newington, need be mentioned. The 

 general arrangement here is the same as at Warina, but the hill, wdiich 

 rises to 390 feet also, trends east and west and slopes off gently toward 

 the south, changing in that direction into evenly stratified sand with 

 shells — saxicava sand. 



The most westerly of these gravel hills, at Welchs, north of Smiths 

 falls, is famous for the bones of a whale found there in 1882, in a railway 

 ballast pit, at a height of 440 feet above sea. At present little is to be 

 seen at the pit, which has been disused for a number of years. The 

 gravel, which is often bouldery, shows a face of 52 feet, but no shells 

 are to be found in it, and the whole deposit, which is an irregular kame- 

 like ridge, having a shallow kettle hole on top and running north 15 

 degrees east, like the stride on the Potsdam sandstone beneath, suggests 

 ice action rather than wave action. Mr Taylor is probably correct in 

 sui)posing that the bones, which are of Megaplera longimana, a whale 

 now common in the gulf of Saint Lawrence, were deposited in a beach 

 cut on one side of the ridge and not in the ridge itself 



The shell-bearing gravels along the river Saint Lawrence appear to 

 end a little west of Prescott, at the Gladstone gravel pit, opened on a 

 kame consisting often of very coarse materials. There are no shells in 

 the body of the deposit, only in some small patches of silt and gravel 



