FOLDS AND FAULTS, AND CLKAVA(iK 1()1 



In the inter-liiijjliliind Vlllle3^s,as was long since pointed out by Doctor 

 Cook,"^ tlie folds are more compressed and are frequently overturned on 

 the southeastern flank. In fact, so complex is the structure through 

 close folding and faulting that it is next to impossihle to work out the 

 details, ^till further to the southeast, along the l)order of the highlands, 

 the exposures of the Paleozoic rocks are generall}^ very meager and the 

 structure complex. In a railroad cut near Clinton eighteen faults in 

 the Hudson River slate were noted in a space of one hundred yards. 

 They were at all angles, from nearly vertical planes to nearly horizontal 

 thrusts. 



CLEA VA GE 



The more massive beds of the Kittatinny limestone show no signs of 

 cleavage and usually no indications of shearing. Some of the thinner 

 layers are obscurely cleaved, the cleavage planes usually dipping south- 

 eastward. The thin partings of shale which so frequently occur in some 

 parts of the formation are very comtnonly sheared, showing that in the 

 folding the la3^ers slid past $ach other along their bedding planes. 



The Trenton beds commonly show signs of shearing, even in the more 

 massive layers. The shear planes usually dip steeply to the southeast. 

 In many cases the fossils are distorted, and a marked fissility has been 

 developed. 



The Hudson River formation is usually everywhere so strongly cleaved, 

 except in the case of the heavy sandstone layers, that the bedding is not 

 readily distinguishable. Although the dip of the cleavage planes is most 

 commonly to the southeast and crosses the bedding planes at constantly 

 varying angles, yet this is not alwa3^s the case. The cleavage is some- 

 times nearl}' horizontal and not infrequently to the northwest. In some 

 exposures it is curved. Since the stud}^ of the Hudson River slates is 

 far from complete, it is not possible to say whether there has been ^con- 

 tinuation of the folding since the cleavage was formed, whereby the planes 

 of cleavage have taken different attitudes, or whether in the folding the 

 pressure was transmitted in such different directions that the cleavage 

 was developed in planes at various angles and directions of dip. 



Conditions of Sedimentation 



The Hardiston quartzite indicates shore conditions near at hand. The 

 varying lithological character of the formation, as well as its great range 

 in thicki\ess, often apparently within narrow geographical limits,indicates 

 a wide range of conditions, such as would only prevail close to shore. 



* Geology of New Jersey, 1868. 



