(:iiKQrAMi:(;(ix roiNr p.aij 209 



portions, wliicli were foriiuul i^robably at clitlVrent times. One portion, 

 tiie west end, is a l)road i^ir made up of several parallel rid^^es. The 

 other portion, the east end, is a single narrow r'uh^e, which joins the ex- 

 panded western portion to Oak Point l)ar. 



The hroad portion of Checpianieiion Point har li(\s parallel to Oak Point 

 bar. It is the oldest ])art of the bar, and was tied to the other bars by a 

 spit, which formed at the abrnpt bend made by the jnnction of Oak 

 Point and Had River bars. Natnrally at this point a spit would develop, 

 and the development continued until the si)it joined the ('hequamegon 

 Point bar. The total length of the completed bar is about 10 miles. 

 This bar is so recent in origin that no noteworthy deposits have been 

 formed behind it; those which do occur are found chiefly in the narrow 

 lagoon l)etween Oak Point ])ar and Chequamegon Point bar. The com- 

 pleted Chequamegon Point bar is a hook similar to Oak Point bar. For 

 more than half of its length the bar is very narrow, consisting of a single 

 ridge, whose structure is due in part to wind action. Shifting sands move 

 across the narrow strip from the lake to the bay and form dunes of small 

 extent. In its wider portion, the bar is made up of several parallel 

 ridges, between whose depressions the lagoons and marshes occur. The 

 largest of the lagoons lies on the bay side of the bar, and extends 4 miles 

 parallel to the bay shore. The ridges have been formed one after the 

 other, the oldest being situated on the bay side. The older ridges are 

 covered with thickets of "jack" pine, but the younger ridges are desti- 

 tute of vegetation or carry small quantities of lichens, such as Cladonia, 

 or scattered clumps of the "sand-cherry." Pronounced nip occurs on 

 the lake side of the bar for much of its length, indicating the general 

 destruction of the bar. 



Toward the west end of the hook deposition is going on, but it occurs 

 only within narrow limits. The deposition takes the form of a shoal 

 which lies out in the lake a few rods, evidently the precursor of a new 

 ridge. The bar as a whole was quite intact until the year 1891. Inlets 

 had been made through it before that time, but these speedily closed up 

 under continued w^ave action. In the year mentioned the bar w^as 

 breached at two points during a series of severe northeast storms. The 

 passages thus made have remained open to the present time and are 

 continually growing wider. These passages are locally termed " sand- 

 cuts," and that appellation w411 be used in this paper. 



In all probability the wind does the preliminary work in preparation 

 for the sand-cuts. They are formed only on the narrow portions of the 

 bar, where there is comparatively little material to be removed. The 

 first step in the formation of a sand-cut is the development of a depres- 

 sion across the ridge of sand composing the bar. This depression is 



