RANGES OF lOASTKllN OKNTKAL NKVADA 227 



The less deiiiiitely iletenninccl cross-faults of the main range are also 

 ty})ically marked by transverse ga})s and not b}' scarps. 



The conclusion is natural that in these ranges deformation of the 

 topography by faults and folds has been mainly mastered and obliterated 

 b\' diflerential ert)sion, to which is chiefly due the present relief. 



Sndke niiu/c. — In the Snakc^ range the structure is, in general, anticlinal. 

 At Wheeler or Jetf Davis peak it is quaquaversal ; at Ui3'abi pass anti- 

 clinal. The name Kern mountains is applied to a north west-and-south- 

 east ridge, transverse to the general trend of the range ; this range seems 

 also anticlinal. In the main range the eastern half of the anticline has 

 often been removed, apparently by erosion. 



The range is one of considerable faulting. North of Wheeler peak are 

 two east-and-west faults, and north of the Kern mountains is a north west- 

 and-southeast fault. The two fiiults north of Wheeler peak have given 

 rise to a transverse gap across the range at this point. One of the faults 

 shows an obscure reversed scarp on the downthrown side, the other 

 on the upthrown side. This shows that the first surely, and perhaps 

 both, are due to erosion. The fault north of the Kern mountains lies in 

 and has probably determined Pleasant valley. 



The massive character of the rocks in this range renders the differen- 

 tial work of erosion comparatively slight, but various phenomena, such 

 as the above-mentioned relation of the faults to the topography, show 

 that general erosion has been long and powerful. This is also pointed 

 out by the fact that quite ordinary springs have been able to excavate 

 deep and picturesque canyons. 



Long Valley range. — This range consists of low ridges of Carboniferous 

 strata, which lie between the Egan range and the northern extension of 

 the White Pine range. The main ridge has an apparent monoclinal 

 structure. This, however, is really the east side of an anticline whose 

 westerly side is exposed in the next ridge westward, the intervening 

 valley being formed by erosion along the axis of the fold. This fold is 

 succeeded farther east by a syncline, a second anticline, and a second 

 syncline. 



Anticlinal valleys and the synclinal or monoclinal ridges are predomi- 

 nant. The range is, therefore, one of erosion. 



White Pine range. — In general the White Pine range is made up of 

 synclinal ridges and anticlinal valleys. The main ridge from Hamilton 

 northward is a persistent syncline. In the immediate vicinity of Ham- 

 ilton, however, in the White Pine mining district, there are certain faults 

 which appear to be so recent and to have such intimate connection with 

 the topography that it seems likely they have actually displaced the 

 surface and that the break has not yet been disguised by erosion. The 



