90 T. M. KEADE ON THE DEIFT-BEDS OF THE 



boring, No. 5, at Lambert's copper-works, showed the rock to be 

 163 ft. below the surface. 



The bulk of the clay penetrated by the various bore-boles was of 

 a very fine plastic nature, like that used by the New Perry Brick 

 and Tile Company. There did not appear to be many stones in the 

 clay ; but they were said to increase near the bottom both in number 

 and size. There were erratic pebbles mixed with the red sand. 

 A piece of cannel and some pieces of bituminous coal were found in 

 one of the wells, 49 ft. from the surface. 



Sankey Bridges. — The Boulder- clay was here penetrated to 100 

 feet below the surface, the last 20 feet showed 5 feet of sand mixed 

 with coal-dust, and 15 feet of clay with bands of gravel. A sand- 

 and-gravel seam 2 feet thick was passed through about 53 feet from 

 the surface. 



Cheshire Lines, Liverpool Extension Railway. — Between Garston 

 and Warrington there were some excellent sections of the Drift 

 disclosed from the beginning of 1872 until the middle of 1873. 

 One continuous section commencing at Garston was 3^ miles long. 

 The whole of the features hitherto described as distinguishing the 

 drift were to be found in one place or the other in this section. 



The diagram (lig. 6) exhibits, as accurately as I could depict it, the 

 varying nature of the drift. 



Speaking generally, the Boulder-clay was divided by very persis- 

 tent seams of sand as at A, though in places these thinned out and 

 the upper and lower beds coalesced and became one with no ob- 

 servable division as at B B, or the gradation from clay to sand was 

 undeiinable, as at C C. The sand beds were often distinctly strati- 

 fied, as at A. The beds of sand were occasionally arched and lami- 

 nated, as at E. On some of the sand beds the clay immediately 

 resting upon them was in book-leaf laminations which showed very 

 plainly by weathering, as at J? ; or the bed of sand actually termi- 

 nated in laminations as at D. The usual red sand and rubble, G, 

 occurred at the base of the clay when the rock H was reached. 



At 'one point a gravel-bed occurred between the clay and the 

 rock. In places the lower part of the clay was decidedly harder 

 and stonier than that above, as at L ; but this quality was not 

 always persistent ; it also contained beds of gravel, as at M. The 

 upper part of the clay, as is common, was split by shrinkage, and 

 broke, with blue faces or irregular joints to the sand-seams below. 

 Irregular sporadic patches of sand occur in the clay, as at J. The 

 usual glacial erratics and boulders were met with. In one place 

 thin beds of clay, A'A', were interstratified with the sand ; I saw no 

 boulders in the sand-seams ; but I cannot affirm that none were met 

 with. Shell-fragments were to be picked up ; but they were not 

 very frequent ; they are given in my list, Part I. 



Hitherto I have made no remarks on the shell- fragments ; but 

 they are to be found more or less in all the clays I have described, 

 occasionally in the sand-seams. Some sand appears utterly barren ; 

 but the clay always contains them. 



The section at Farnworth (fig. 7) was just over a mile long ; and 



