14 J. CLIFTON WARD ON THE GRANITIC, GRANITOID. AND 



between some of the altered slate and some of these ash-intercala- 

 tions, or between these and the partially developed felsite; some 

 bands of black shaly slate, however, seem to have undergone but little 

 alteration. Between Clough Head and White Pike, and forming the 

 latter, are several small masses of partially developed quartz felsite 

 (d, e, f, g), the slate generally passing into them all round ; and 

 much of the black slate is here converted into a very hard and flinty 

 rock of the nature of hornstone. 



Altogether the disposition and relation of these quartz-felsite 

 masses, especially to the neighbouring volcanic rocks, rather suggest 

 that they occupy the place of basement beds of that series, such beds 

 probably presenting alternations of Skiddaw Slate with volcanic 

 deposits. It will be seen in the sequel how far such a surmise, 

 derived from field-evidence, is supported by the results of microscopic 

 and chemical research. 



A third small area of quartz felsite is exposed beneath the vol- 

 canic rocks of Wanthwaite Crags ; and its upper boundary conforms 

 so precisely to the strike of the overlying strata as to suggest that 

 it also represents the lower part of the series altered in situ, the 

 character of the beds above resembling those generally occurring 

 near the base. 



2. Crag-Bridge Quartz Felsite. — A similar quartz felsite, though 

 occupying a much smaller tract than those of the Yale of St. John, 

 occurs at Crag Bridge, llosgill, near Shap; and here again the 

 Skiddaw Slate is much altered immediately around the junction, and 

 in some places may be seen to dovetail into the felsite in the most 

 decided manner. 



3. Buttermere and Ennerdale Syenitic Granite, and surrounding 

 rocks. — This large mass of syenite and syenitic granite extends 

 almost uninterruptedly for a distance of nine miles, from Buttermere 

 on the north, to Wastwater on the south, forming for more than half 

 the distance the boundary between the volcanic series on the south- 

 east, and the Skiddaw Slate on the north-west. It is generally of 

 a reddish tinge ; and the hornblende and mica are often sparingly dis- 

 tributed, though occasionally one or the other is found in greater 

 quantity. In the south, where detached masses occur surrounded 

 by the volcanic series, and in some other parts, the rock should 

 rather be called a felstone or sometimes a granulite, as, for example, 

 along the northern shores of the western half of Wastwater. 



The eastern boundary, from Red Pike, Buttermere, across the 

 Ennerdale valley, to below Haycock, runs remarkably parallel with 

 the outcrop of the various beds of the volcanic series, and appears 

 in places to be faulted with them ; this will be seen by a reference 

 to the accompanying figure (fig. 2) . In addition to this it should be 

 noted that in several spots beneath Red Pike the syenite contains 

 bands showing distinct lines of bedding, or, in one case, a markedly 

 breceiated structure very like some of the beds of volcanic ash. 



The Skiddaw Slate has experienced the same kind of alteration 

 in this case as around the St. -John's quartz felsite, only that it 

 frequently extends for much greater distances ; but in a few cases, 



