KESSINGLAND AND PAKEFIELD, IN SUFFOLK. 125 



tained front the JFcrest^bcd here ; and the researches of Mr. Blake, 

 F.G.S., of the Geological Survey, have proved that mammalian re- 

 mains are to be found in No. 5. 



No. 5 represents bhe freshwater beds, afceut 6 feet in thickness, 

 formed on the subsidence of the Forest-bed. They consist in part 

 of a black soil, only a few yards long, with freshwater shells, cor- 

 responding- with those at Mimdesley and Runton, commonly called 

 t7n?o-beds. They consist in part also cf the rootlet-bed, about 500 

 yards long, of green oozy clay, similar to that at Runton, pierced 

 vertically with small roots, about the size of the little finger. This, 

 Mr. Prestwich has pointed cut as an indication of the presence of the 

 Forest-bed (Quart. Journ. Greol. Soc. vol. xxvii. pp. 4G3, 464). AVith 

 all submission to so higli an authority, it appears to me to represent 

 brushwood, which succeeded the true forest very extensively. The 

 rootlets are very different from the grand roots which extend laterally 

 from the stools of the forest-trees ; and, besides, even these could not 

 be expected to grow frcm such decidedly marine formations as 

 the Chillcsford Clays or Sands, which were continuously being sub- 

 merged in deeper and deeper water, till the AVestleton (or pebbly) beds 

 and the Lower Boulder-clay were deposited without any break. 



On the forest going down, this freshwater bed seems to have been 

 formed ; and the rootlets remain in it. At Happisburgh there appears 

 to have been a hill, like that at Kessingland, which continued above 

 Mater after the submersion of the lower land. On this hill hazel- 

 nuts aud the bones of sheep or goats, now in the Norwich Museum, 

 have been found ; and a part of the sludge, as Dr. Falconer called it, 

 was carted away at his suggestion ; and a portion of it, full of the 

 leaves of the willow, is now exhibited. This is evidently more recent 

 than the Forest-bed, and probably of the same age as the rootlet- 

 bed at rakefield, Kessingland, and Runton, 



No. 4 represents the Flu vio -marine deposits, about 2 feet thick, 

 which succeeded the fresh water on the influx of the sea. Crag- 

 shells have been seen here, but rarely. The Norwich nuvio-marine 

 Crag most probably belongs to this division, which, at Bramerton, 

 underlies the next-mentioned deposit. Here, as at other places, an 

 interval of several miles may be interposed between beds of crag- 

 shells, and yet the deposits arc continuous and are stratigraphically 

 the same. This remark applies equally to No. 3, next mentioned. 

 The Chillesford Clay sometimes yields shells, as at Easton Bavent, 

 and, slightly, at Aldeby ; but at Bramerton, Brundall, Wroxham, 

 Horstead, Coltish all, Hoveton, Barton Turf, Ludham, Burgh, near 

 Aylsham, and other places it is destitute of them ; and yet, from its 

 mineral character, it can scarcely be mistaken. The nuvio-marine 

 beds, both here and at Happisburgh, are cut short by the rise of 

 the freshwater deposits, and are but partially and faintly represented. 

 Owing to this cause, at Happisburgh the Lower Boulder-clay rests 

 immediately upon the Forest-bed, without the intervention of any 

 of the intermediate beds. 



No. 3 represents the marine formations, and contains the Chilles- 

 ford Sands and Clays, which are finely developed here, notwithstand- 



