DEPOSITS ELSEWHERE THAN IN SOUTH AFRICA. 357 



So long as such evidence afforded by the arm-bone remained un- 

 recognized, the third fossil which Kutorga figures (in his Taf. iii. fig. 

 3, A, B, C, D, E), and describes (p. 19) as the representative of his 

 Pachydermal genus Syodon, had little chance of being extricated 

 from the neglect and oblivion into which it had fallen. This fossil 

 is a recurved subcompressed caniniform tooth, 3 inches in length, 

 (following the convex curve), 7 lines in antero-posterior basal breadth 

 4 lines in transverse basal breadth, which diminishes more rapidly 

 than the antero-posterior one to the point; both fore and hind 

 margins are trenchant, and need only the fine serrations, which may 

 have been overlooked, to make the correspondence of this Permian 

 tooth with the upper canine of Cynodraco instructively close. 

 Kutorga's fossil is certainly more like that reptilian tooth than the 

 tusk of a wild boar or other porcine species. 



A more decisive dentary evidence of a Permian Theriodont is 

 afforded by the Deuterosaurus biarrrdcus of Eichwald*. This species 

 is represented by the fore part of both upper and lower jaws, which 

 are remarkable for the predominance of the vertical over the trans- 

 verse diameter. The disproportionate development of the canines, 

 especially of the upper pair, is noted in the generic character : — " les 

 canines etaient tres-longues, surtout celles de la machoire supe'rieure " 

 (I. c. p. 1608). I submit a reduced copy of Eichwald's figures of the 

 fossils (Cuts, figs. 3 & 4, p. 358), which indicate the following incisive- 

 canine formula : — i. -r—r, c. =" The lower canine crosses in front 



4 — A' 1 — 1 



of the upper one. 



One small molar (fig. 4, m) is shown at a short distance behind 

 the upper canine, and a still smaller one (ib. m') behind the lower 

 canine in the postcanine portion of the fragment of skull. All the 

 teeth have conical acuminate crowns with denticulate or crenulate 

 trenchant borders. In the incisors the fore-and-aft diameter pre- 

 vails at the base of the crown chiefly through a posterior protuberance 

 of that base : in the canines the antero-posterior diameter is greatest 

 at the base of the crown. 



In all the more essential characters there is a close agreement be- 

 tween Deuterosaurus and Cynodraco ; the incisive-formula is the 

 same (Cut, fig. 5, Cynodraco serridens, from Karoo beds, Port 

 Beaufort). In the more compressed form of both upper and lower 

 jaws, the Lycosaurus of the Karoo beds of the Sneewberg range 

 (Cut, figs. 6, 7) more resembles the Deuterosaurus of the Ural Per- 

 mian. But the incisive-formula of Lycosaurus is |^|. The canines 

 of Deuterosaums, though large in proportion to the contiguous in- 

 cisors and molars, appear relatively less than in Lycosaurus or Cy- 

 nodraco. The postbasal swelling, or partial " cingulum," in the 

 incisors of Deuterosaurus, and the greater relative depth of the man- 

 dibular ramus behind the canines compared with that of the sym- 

 physial part supporting the incisors, preclude a reference of the Cape 

 species of Theriodontia to the genus of that reptilian order from the 



* Lethnea Eossica, p. 1607 ; tab. Iviii. figs. 1, 2, 3. 



