184/.] VICARY ON THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SINDE. 339 



Fig. 1 



The clays and conglomerate gradually thin off and cease at about 

 the sixth mile from Guggul, and are replaced at the surface by an 

 arenaceo-calcareous rock agreeing closely with No. 6. The descent 

 from the cliff is effected by the Rund Pass, and the elevation above 

 the Maulmaree river may be about 450 to 500 feet. Near the pass 

 there are many scattered islet-like plateaux of small elevation, and 

 appearing as if they had been subjected to the action of water ; their 

 overhanging margins were in some places bored by saxicavous mol- 

 lusks. An examination of the cliff (although its base was usually 

 obscured by debris) showed that the lower beds become still more 

 arenaceous, until they assume the form of a fine-grained, pale yellow 

 sandstone ; beneath this there is a variegated (red, white and blue) 

 laminated clay, apparently devoid of fossils. In the debris at the 

 base of the cliff I found some fossil bones evidently disengaged from 

 the arenaceous rock above, as they differ greatly from the fossil bones 

 usually fomid in Sinde, which for the most part owe their hardness 

 to hydrate of iron. The bones found here are soft and with a cal- 

 careous infiltration. Many of them appear to have lain at the bottom 

 of the sea previous to fossilization, have been rolled by the action of 

 currents, and are occasionally pierced by boring mollusks. The fossil 

 most abundant in the lower part of this rock is an Ostrea with the 

 upper valve flat and smooth, the lower concave and costate, and 

 evidently a gregarious species. A very large Pectenalso occurs, upon 

 which I shall make some remarks hereafter. Nummulites are very 

 rare, but Clypeastra and Spatangi most abundant. Hence I followed 

 the course of the river bed in a northerly direction along the base of 

 the " Bubbera Steppe" for about seven miles. In the sands and gravel 

 of the river I found innumerable detached nummulites, which are 

 often carried forward even to the Indus, and are doubtless brought 

 down from the Hala Range. The Maulmaree during rain becomes 

 an impetuous and impassable torrent. 



The fossils of the Bubbera Steppe are almost obliterated, appa- 

 rently by the former action of heat. At the time when the steppe 

 was uplifted, a portion of rock about 200 yards in length was left in 

 a mural and almost perpendicular position, and is now about sixty 

 yards from the general line of the Bubbera Steppe. The intervening 

 space is characterized by calcined clays and broken masses of a vitri- 

 fied arenaceous rock. 



In examining the hills to the eastward of the Maulmaree, I found 

 a pale yellow arenaceous limestone with nummulites (No. 7) lying 

 immediately beneath the coarse non-nummulitic rock of Kurrachee 

 (No. 6). In the depressions and water-courses I found comminuted 



