PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL PERIOD 349 



under the equator — Kenia, Kilimanjaro, and Kuwenzori — glaciers ad- 

 vanced thousands of feet lower down than at present.^ 



Mount Kosciusko, in Australia, had glaciers where there are none 

 now. Tasmania's tahlelands were ice-clad and sent glaciers down almost 

 to sealevel,^ and the glaciers of the south island of New Zealand were 

 much longer than at present. 



Patagonia was widely glaciated south of latitude 37°, striated rock 

 surfaces, boulder cla}^, and erratics occurring as in North America, and 

 the ice-sheet reached the sea, while the Andes to the north have even 

 within the tropics old moraines 800 to 900 meters below the end of the 

 present glaciers. 



From Scott's "Voyage of the Discovery" one learns that the Antarctic 

 ice-sheets are retreating, and that old moraines and striated surfaces give 

 proof of former extension of the ice over shores and islands now left bare 

 of snow in summer. 



It is a striking fact that the great continental ice-sheets of the north 

 were very local in their arrangement, all converging about the north 

 Atlantic and its prolongations into Hudson bay, Davis straits, and the 

 Arctic sea north of Eussia. The Cordilleran ice of British Columbia, 

 which faced the north Pacific, is hardly an exception, for it consisted 

 really of greatly extended mountain glaciers, confluent in the valleys, 

 above which the higher summits projected. It should be compared with 

 the Alpine glaciation of Europe rather than with the continental type of 

 glaciation. 



In the southern hemisphere, so far as known, the whole of the Ant- 

 arctic continent was ice-covered, but no other large land area was in high 

 enough latitudes to permit ice-sheets to spread out on the lowlands and 

 reach the sea, except in Patagonia. 



Lowland ice did not reach nearer to the tropics than about 37° of 

 north and south latitude in the Pleistocene glacial period, though moun- 

 tains under the equator had much more extensive glaciers than at present. 

 In intensity the Pleistocene ice age seems to have been much surpassed by 

 at least one of the older periods. 



The Peemo-Carboniferous Glacial Period 



The Paleozoic ice age of India, Australia, South Africa, and South 

 America has been the subject of study on the first three continents for the 



2 Gregory In Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 1, 1894, pp. 327, etc. ; 

 Duke of Abruzzi in Geographical Journal, vol. xxix, no. 2, p. 144. 



» Gregory : Ibid., vol. 60, 1904, p. 52 ; and Australian Association for the Advancement 

 of Science, yol. ix, 1902, p. 191. 



