CHEMICAL CHARACTER OE UNDERGROUNn WATERS 



507 



may be cited Sheboygan, Wisconsin;^" Saint Louis^^ and East Saint 

 Louis ;^^ the Eye Brewery/* in England; Norfolk, Virginia/* near 

 Bowling Green, Ohio,^^ and many of the waters used as mineral bath 

 waters in Indiana^" and Michigan.^^ 



Some of these are given in the following table : 





Sheboygan. 



East Saint 

 Louis. 



Bowling 

 Green. 



Sodium chloride 



306.9436 



14.4822 



0.1062 



54.9139 



27.8225 



0.1873 



169.8277 



13.6585 



.5044 



.1742 



.0383 



.1283 



.4665 



trace 



trace 



trace 



trace 



694.99 



2,384.40 

 56.24 



Pottassium chloride 



Lithium chloride 



MgSOils'o'so' 

 391.80 



354.00 



Magnesium chloride 





Calciuui chloride 



471 90 



Sodium bromide 





Calcium sulphate 



76.05 





Calcium bicarbonate 



CaCOg 25.83 



Iron bicarbonate. . . .... 



Fe,Oa.75 



88 



Manganese bicarbonate .... 





Calcium phosphate 







Alumina . . ... 





10 



Silica 





.72 



Organic matter 







Iodine 







Barium 







Boron 













Total 



589.2536 



grains per U. S. 



gallon. 



1,293 60 



3 297 93 







It seems strongly indicated that the early sea waters contained rela- 

 tively more calcium chloride than at present. There seems, then, to be 

 some hope of recognizing from the chemical composition of a water — for 

 instance, from the ratio of chlorine to total solids — the proportion of 

 buried sea water. As for connate waters which were fresh — that is, lake 

 or river deposits — tlie distinction seems much less feasible. Fresh-water 

 lakes often have lime and iron thrown out, and clues may later be discov- 

 ered, and it may be that in some cases we may from the character of the 



i" Chamberlin's Geology and Geology of Wisconsin, often cited ; by C. F. Chandler, 

 1876, p. 370. 



11 Litton : Saint Louis Academy, and U. S. Geological Survey water supply paper no. 

 195, p. 161. 



'^ Illinois Geological Survey, Bulletin no. 5. 



i» Whittaker, W. : Geology of Suffolk, Cretaceous. 



" Froebling, 1896, at 1,070 feet, city report. 



15 Orton : Rock waters of Ohio. Nineteenth Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, 

 part 4, p. 652. 



" Blatchley : Twenty-sixth Annual Report. 



" Lane : U. S. Geological Survey water supply paper no. 31. 



