﻿148 
  T. 
  F. 
  JAMIESON 
  ON 
  THE 
  CKAG-SHELL 
  

  

  undulating 
  ridges, 
  like 
  eskers 
  or 
  kaims, 
  although 
  their 
  outlines 
  

   are 
  now 
  obscured 
  and 
  softened 
  in 
  many 
  places 
  by 
  a 
  subsequent 
  

   deposit 
  of 
  red 
  clay 
  which 
  lies 
  above 
  the 
  gravel. 
  

  

  Commencing 
  at 
  Collieston, 
  we 
  can 
  trace 
  the 
  gravel 
  running 
  inland 
  

   in 
  a 
  north-west 
  line 
  by 
  the 
  Cothill 
  Loch, 
  the 
  Loch 
  of 
  Slains, 
  and 
  

   then 
  northward 
  through 
  the 
  lands 
  of 
  Leask 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  farm 
  

   of 
  Belscamphie, 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  about 
  3J 
  miles. 
  Its 
  average 
  breadth 
  

   along 
  this 
  tract 
  may 
  be 
  stated 
  at 
  from 
  half 
  a 
  mile 
  to 
  a 
  mile. 
  From 
  

   Collieston 
  the 
  sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  also 
  extend 
  northward 
  along 
  the 
  

   sea- 
  cliffs 
  for 
  nearly 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  miles, 
  ranging 
  over 
  the 
  farms 
  of 
  

   Kirkton, 
  Moss 
  of 
  Slains, 
  and 
  Clochtow. 
  In 
  this 
  direction 
  it 
  is 
  

   generally 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  red 
  clay 
  ; 
  so 
  that 
  its 
  boundary 
  cannot 
  

   everywhere 
  be 
  made 
  out. 
  It 
  occurs, 
  however, 
  in 
  a 
  pit 
  near 
  the 
  

   farm-steading 
  of 
  Brownhill 
  (about 
  2-±- 
  miles 
  north 
  from 
  Collieston), 
  

   which 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  near 
  its 
  extremity 
  in 
  that 
  line. 
  To 
  the 
  north 
  

   of 
  the 
  Burn 
  of 
  Clochtow 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  none 
  of 
  it 
  along 
  the 
  sea- 
  

   cliffs; 
  and 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  absent 
  over 
  the 
  district 
  between 
  that 
  

   streamlet 
  and 
  Cruden 
  Bay, 
  except 
  on 
  the 
  farms 
  of 
  Brownhill 
  

   and 
  Ward. 
  

  

  Along 
  the 
  south 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  Water 
  of 
  Cruden, 
  it 
  occurs 
  on 
  the 
  

   lands 
  of 
  Ardiffery, 
  near 
  the 
  village 
  of 
  Hatton 
  ; 
  and 
  I 
  have 
  traced 
  it 
  

   in 
  that 
  neighbourhood 
  on 
  the 
  farms 
  of 
  Auchinten, 
  Standing 
  Stones, 
  

   and 
  Ardiffery. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Water 
  of 
  Cruden 
  it 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  absent, 
  

   except 
  it 
  be 
  on 
  the 
  farm 
  of 
  Auchlethen, 
  close 
  beside 
  Hatton, 
  where 
  

   there 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  small 
  patch 
  of 
  it. 
  

  

  The 
  shelly 
  gravel 
  reaches 
  its 
  greatest 
  height 
  above 
  the 
  sea 
  in 
  the 
  

   neighbourhood 
  of 
  Leask 
  and 
  Auchinten, 
  where 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  it 
  up 
  

   to 
  an 
  altitude 
  of 
  225 
  feet 
  ; 
  and 
  a 
  large 
  proportion 
  of 
  it 
  lies 
  at 
  an 
  

   elevation 
  of 
  from 
  100 
  to 
  200 
  feet. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  Loch 
  of 
  Slains 
  it 
  forms 
  a 
  narrow 
  prominent 
  ridge, 
  called 
  

   the 
  Kippet 
  Hills. 
  This 
  ridge 
  may 
  be 
  traced 
  for 
  nearly 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  

   miles, 
  running 
  from 
  Cothill 
  to 
  Knaps 
  Leask, 
  but 
  is 
  highest 
  and 
  best 
  

   denned 
  beside 
  the 
  Loch 
  of 
  Slains. 
  The 
  Ordnance 
  Survey 
  shows 
  that 
  

   the 
  highest 
  point 
  of 
  the 
  Kippet 
  ridge 
  is 
  216 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  sea 
  and 
  

   80 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  loch 
  beside 
  it 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  

   the 
  ridge 
  at 
  this 
  point 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  composed 
  of 
  the 
  gravel 
  from 
  top 
  

   to 
  bottom. 
  This 
  is 
  also 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  best 
  localities 
  for 
  the 
  shells. 
  

  

  Internal 
  Structure 
  and 
  Contents 
  of 
  the 
  Gravel 
  Ridges. 
  

  

  The 
  character 
  of 
  the 
  gravel 
  and 
  its 
  arrangement 
  in 
  these 
  ridges 
  

   are 
  similar 
  to 
  what 
  we 
  see 
  in 
  a 
  kaim, 
  esker, 
  or 
  moraine 
  — 
  loose 
  

   incoherent 
  gravel 
  heaped 
  together 
  in 
  confused 
  masses, 
  or 
  in 
  irregular 
  

   undulating 
  beds, 
  no 
  two 
  sections 
  quite 
  the 
  same. 
  Some 
  portions 
  

   consist 
  of 
  fine 
  sand, 
  some 
  of 
  fine 
  gravel 
  ; 
  but 
  by 
  far 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  

   is 
  a 
  coarse 
  pebbly 
  gravel, 
  with 
  occasional 
  clusters 
  of 
  large 
  stones 
  

   from 
  6 
  inches 
  to 
  2 
  feet 
  (rarely 
  2\ 
  feet) 
  in 
  length. 
  The 
  stones 
  and 
  

   pebbles 
  are 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  subangular 
  or 
  partially 
  rounded, 
  some 
  

   of 
  the 
  larger 
  ones 
  quite 
  angular 
  ; 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  general 
  absence 
  of 
  

  

  