﻿IN 
  THE 
  CONTORTED 
  DKIPT 
  OP 
  CEOMEK. 
  235 
  

  

  This 
  shows 
  that 
  ice 
  may 
  accumulate 
  on 
  land 
  in 
  a 
  way 
  we 
  had 
  

   none 
  of 
  us 
  before 
  realized 
  ; 
  while, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  Mr. 
  Trimmer 
  

   points 
  out 
  that 
  ice 
  in 
  an 
  extensive 
  sheet 
  of 
  considerable 
  thickness 
  

   may 
  remain 
  even 
  submerged. 
  He 
  says*, 
  ' 
  ' 
  Sir 
  Edward 
  Parry 
  found 
  for 
  

   miles 
  along 
  the 
  coast 
  near 
  Melville 
  Island 
  a 
  dark 
  blue 
  stratum 
  of 
  

   solid 
  ice, 
  imbedded 
  in 
  the 
  beach 
  at 
  the 
  depth 
  of 
  10 
  feet 
  under 
  the 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  water. 
  ' 
  The 
  ice/ 
  he 
  says, 
  ' 
  had 
  probably 
  been 
  the 
  

   lower 
  part 
  of 
  heavy 
  masses 
  forced 
  aground 
  by 
  the 
  pressure 
  of 
  the 
  

   floes 
  from 
  without, 
  and 
  still 
  adhering 
  to 
  the 
  viscous 
  mud 
  of 
  which 
  

   the 
  beach 
  is 
  composed, 
  after 
  the 
  upper 
  surface 
  has 
  in 
  course 
  of 
  time 
  

   dissolved.'" 
  

  

  Dr. 
  J. 
  Rae 
  describes 
  how 
  at 
  Repulse 
  Bay, 
  during 
  the 
  spring 
  of 
  

   1847, 
  boulders 
  situated 
  at 
  low-water 
  mark 
  were 
  frozen 
  into 
  floe 
  ice, 
  

   and, 
  being 
  lifted 
  by 
  the 
  rise 
  and 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  tide 
  (which 
  was 
  from 
  6 
  

   to 
  8 
  feet 
  or 
  more), 
  became 
  eventually 
  encased 
  in 
  the 
  ice, 
  which 
  he 
  

   found 
  by 
  measurement 
  to 
  attain 
  a 
  thickness 
  of 
  more 
  than 
  8 
  feet. 
  In 
  

   the 
  spring, 
  by 
  the 
  double 
  effect 
  of 
  thaw 
  and 
  evaporation, 
  the 
  upper 
  

   surface 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  was 
  removed, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  stones 
  that 
  were 
  formerly 
  

   at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  sea 
  now 
  appeared 
  in 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  as 
  if 
  

   dropped 
  there 
  from 
  a 
  cliff" 
  (Arctic 
  Manual, 
  1875, 
  p. 
  651). 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Osmond 
  Fisher 
  calculates 
  (Geol. 
  Mag. 
  1868, 
  p. 
  550) 
  that 
  

   flotation 
  cannot 
  take 
  place 
  unless 
  the 
  earthy 
  matter 
  does 
  not 
  exceed 
  

   one 
  twentieth 
  in 
  bulk 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  mass. 
  If, 
  therefore, 
  a 
  mass 
  of 
  

   chalk 
  600 
  feet 
  x 
  60 
  feet 
  x 
  60 
  feet 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  rafted 
  off, 
  it 
  would 
  

   require 
  ice 
  equal 
  to 
  43,200,000 
  cubic 
  feet, 
  including 
  the 
  rock, 
  to 
  effect 
  

   it, 
  or 
  a 
  combined 
  mass 
  1200 
  feet 
  long 
  by 
  600 
  feet 
  broad 
  and 
  60 
  feet 
  

   thick. 
  That 
  such 
  a 
  raft 
  is 
  a 
  possibility, 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  difficult 
  to 
  deny. 
  

   With 
  an 
  ice-raft 
  of 
  this 
  nature 
  resting 
  upon 
  the 
  inclined 
  plane 
  of 
  a 
  

   shore, 
  and 
  subject 
  also 
  to 
  the 
  lifting-power 
  of 
  the 
  tides, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  

   difficult 
  to 
  conceive 
  how 
  such 
  a 
  mass 
  once 
  set 
  in 
  motion 
  would 
  

   launch 
  itself 
  out 
  to 
  sea. 
  

  

  In 
  some 
  such 
  way, 
  I 
  conceive, 
  the 
  puzzling 
  " 
  boulders 
  " 
  have 
  

   been 
  derived 
  and 
  transported 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  readily 
  realizable 
  that, 
  with 
  a 
  

   large 
  superficial 
  raft 
  of 
  ice, 
  the 
  melting-power 
  of 
  the 
  sea-water 
  acting 
  

   on 
  an 
  extensive 
  surface 
  might 
  soon 
  cause 
  them 
  to 
  founder. 
  But 
  in 
  

   many 
  cases 
  the 
  sinking 
  has 
  been 
  very 
  gentle 
  ; 
  or 
  the 
  mass 
  would 
  be 
  

   more 
  fractured 
  than 
  it 
  is. 
  I 
  conceive 
  that 
  frequently 
  the 
  boulder 
  has 
  

   sunk 
  with 
  a 
  great 
  bulk 
  of 
  ice 
  attached 
  to 
  it. 
  But 
  the 
  vertical 
  displace- 
  

   ment 
  which 
  such 
  weights 
  would 
  undoubtedly 
  cause 
  is 
  not 
  in 
  my 
  

   opinion 
  sufficient 
  to 
  account 
  for 
  all 
  the 
  contortions 
  of 
  the 
  drift 
  in 
  

   which 
  we 
  find 
  them 
  imbedded. 
  Sections 
  figs. 
  5, 
  6, 
  7 
  will, 
  I 
  think, 
  

   serve 
  to 
  convince 
  the 
  most 
  sceptical 
  that 
  lateral 
  force 
  has 
  had 
  a 
  great 
  

   deal 
  to 
  do 
  with 
  the 
  folding 
  of 
  the 
  strata. 
  I 
  conceive 
  that 
  the 
  Drift 
  

   of 
  Cromer 
  formed 
  a 
  large 
  submarine 
  bank, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  sea 
  was 
  

   sufficiently 
  shallow 
  to 
  allow 
  of 
  the 
  ice-rafts 
  and 
  their 
  burdens 
  often 
  

   grounding. 
  

  

  If 
  this 
  be 
  so, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  difficult 
  to 
  see 
  that 
  the 
  impact 
  of 
  a 
  mass 
  of 
  

   ice 
  and 
  rock 
  weighing 
  one 
  million 
  two 
  hundred 
  thousand 
  tons 
  would 
  

   be 
  quite 
  sufficient 
  to 
  disturb, 
  bend, 
  fold, 
  and 
  contort 
  the 
  stratified 
  

   * 
  Quart. 
  Journ. 
  Geol. 
  Soc. 
  1851, 
  p. 
  22. 
  

  

  