﻿494 
  W. 
  H. 
  TWELVETREES 
  OX 
  UPPEE 
  PERMIAX 
  

  

  appeared 
  in 
  the 
  ' 
  Proceedings 
  ' 
  of 
  the 
  Imperial 
  Mineralogical 
  Society 
  

   at 
  St. 
  Petersburg 
  for 
  the 
  two 
  years 
  named. 
  

  

  In 
  1842 
  Wangenheim 
  von 
  Qualen 
  contributed 
  a 
  paper 
  to 
  the 
  

   4 
  Proceedings 
  ' 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  Society, 
  on 
  the 
  geological 
  characters 
  of 
  

   the 
  government 
  of 
  Orenburg, 
  in 
  which 
  he 
  maintained 
  that 
  the 
  infra- 
  

   conglomerate 
  sandstone 
  of 
  the 
  Klutchefsky 
  mine, 
  fifty 
  versts 
  south- 
  

   west 
  of 
  Sterlitamak, 
  which 
  furnished 
  SJiopalodon 
  Wangenheimi 
  and 
  

   other 
  Saurian 
  remains, 
  is 
  Zechstein 
  and 
  Kupferschiefer. 
  This 
  is 
  an 
  

   erroneous 
  conclusion 
  ; 
  for 
  the 
  Klutchefsky 
  sandstones 
  are 
  superior 
  

   to 
  the 
  Magnesian 
  Limestone. 
  I 
  have 
  nowhere 
  found 
  or 
  traced 
  

   Wiopalodon, 
  or 
  any 
  other 
  reptilian 
  remains 
  in 
  Russia, 
  below 
  the 
  

   Upper 
  Permian 
  series 
  of 
  sandstones. 
  

  

  In 
  1843, 
  the 
  same 
  author 
  wrote* 
  a 
  more 
  detailed 
  memoir 
  on 
  the 
  

   stratigraphy 
  of 
  the 
  western 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  Orenburg, 
  

   adopting 
  a 
  tripartite 
  division 
  of 
  the 
  Permian 
  system 
  here 
  : 
  — 
  1. 
  The 
  

   lower 
  group 
  of 
  limestones, 
  cupriferous 
  marls, 
  and 
  sandstones 
  ; 
  in 
  

   this 
  he 
  included 
  the 
  Klutchefskoi 
  beds, 
  which, 
  as 
  just 
  mentioned, 
  

   really 
  belong 
  to 
  the 
  Upper 
  Permian 
  series 
  ; 
  2. 
  A 
  middle 
  group 
  of 
  

   marls, 
  sandstones, 
  and 
  limestone 
  with 
  zechstein 
  fossils 
  ; 
  3. 
  A 
  thin 
  

   upper 
  series 
  of 
  tufaceous 
  limestone 
  and 
  white 
  marls. 
  The 
  errors 
  

   involved 
  in 
  the 
  classification 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  group 
  have 
  been 
  widely 
  

   circulated 
  : 
  and 
  any 
  light 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  thrown 
  upon 
  the 
  question 
  

   will 
  be 
  useful. 
  

  

  In 
  1844 
  he 
  again 
  wrote 
  on 
  the 
  copper 
  ores 
  of 
  the 
  Orenburg 
  

   government 
  f. 
  He 
  was 
  a 
  zealous 
  field-geologist, 
  and 
  his 
  descrip- 
  

   tions 
  are 
  full 
  of 
  interest 
  to 
  those 
  acquainted 
  with 
  the 
  districts 
  he 
  

   describes 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  hazardous 
  to 
  accept 
  his 
  judgment 
  upon 
  

   any 
  crucial 
  question 
  of 
  stratigraphy 
  or 
  palajontological 
  classification. 
  

  

  In 
  1841 
  Count 
  Keyserling 
  writes 
  (Bull. 
  Soc. 
  Mosc. 
  1841, 
  p. 
  894) 
  : 
  

   — 
  " 
  The 
  examination 
  of 
  this 
  great 
  red 
  formation 
  is, 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  

   want 
  of 
  fossils, 
  extremely 
  difficult 
  : 
  great 
  trunks 
  of 
  trees 
  are 
  the 
  

   only 
  petrefaction 
  which 
  we 
  have 
  received 
  from 
  it." 
  

  

  In 
  1845 
  Sir 
  Roderick 
  Murchison, 
  in 
  the 
  ' 
  Geology 
  of 
  Russia 
  and 
  

   the 
  Ural 
  Mountains,' 
  described 
  the 
  Permian 
  system 
  of 
  Russia, 
  and 
  

   noticed 
  this 
  region 
  in 
  particular. 
  He 
  paid 
  a 
  visit 
  to 
  the 
  Kargalinsk 
  

   mines, 
  as 
  appears 
  from 
  the 
  following 
  remarks 
  in 
  the 
  work 
  just 
  

   alluded 
  to 
  (vol. 
  i. 
  p. 
  148) 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  " 
  In 
  following 
  this 
  section 
  a 
  little 
  to 
  the 
  west, 
  the 
  next 
  suc- 
  

   ceeding 
  beds 
  are 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  composed 
  of 
  red 
  siliceous 
  conglomerate, 
  

   slightly 
  dipping 
  off 
  at 
  first, 
  but 
  soon 
  becoming 
  horizontal, 
  in 
  which 
  

   copper 
  ore 
  being 
  largely 
  disseminated 
  has 
  given 
  rise 
  to 
  the 
  mines 
  of 
  

   Kargalinsk. 
  As 
  in 
  other 
  places 
  where 
  copper 
  ore 
  abounds, 
  fossil 
  

   trees 
  and 
  plants 
  are 
  also 
  of 
  frequent 
  occurrence 
  ; 
  and 
  although 
  at 
  

   the 
  time 
  of 
  our 
  visit 
  we 
  were 
  not 
  so 
  fortunate 
  as 
  to 
  procure 
  them, 
  

   this 
  spot 
  has 
  also 
  afforded 
  many 
  remains 
  of 
  fishes 
  (Palceonisci), 
  with 
  

   bones 
  of 
  Saurians 
  " 
  &c. 
  

  

  In 
  1848 
  Eichwald 
  wrote 
  a 
  memoir, 
  "Ueber 
  die 
  Saurier 
  des 
  kup- 
  

   ferfiihrenden 
  Zechsteins 
  Russlands," 
  viz. 
  Rliopalodon, 
  Deulerosaurvs 
  

  

  * 
  Verhandl. 
  rain. 
  Ges. 
  St. 
  Petersb. 
  1843, 
  pp. 
  1-58. 
  

   t 
  Ibid. 
  1844, 
  pp. 
  31-61. 
  

  

  