﻿OX 
  THE 
  XEWER 
  PLIOCEXE 
  TERIOD 
  IX 
  EXGLAXD. 
  607 
  

  

  50. 
  The 
  Newek 
  Pliocexe 
  Period 
  in 
  Exglaxd. 
  By 
  Searees 
  V. 
  Wood, 
  

   Esq., 
  F.G.S. 
  (Read 
  May 
  24, 
  1882.) 
  . 
  

  

  [Continuation 
  of 
  Part 
  I. 
  from 
  Vol. 
  xxxvi. 
  of 
  the 
  Journal, 
  p. 
  527.] 
  

   [Plate 
  XXVL] 
  

  

  Ix 
  the 
  previous 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  Memoir, 
  after 
  describing 
  the 
  conditions 
  

   under 
  which 
  the 
  beds 
  of 
  the 
  Eed 
  and 
  Eluvio-marine 
  Crag 
  accumulated, 
  

   and 
  their 
  overspread 
  during 
  a 
  depression 
  by 
  the 
  Chillesford 
  Clay, 
  I 
  

   traced 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  events 
  from 
  this 
  time 
  to 
  the 
  recession 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  

   of 
  the 
  Major 
  Glaciation, 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  order, 
  viz. 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  The 
  elevation 
  and 
  denudation 
  of 
  much 
  of 
  this 
  Crag 
  and 
  Clay 
  over 
  

   all 
  but 
  their 
  north-western, 
  or 
  most 
  estuarine, 
  extremity, 
  and 
  the 
  

   formation 
  at 
  Kessingland, 
  in 
  Xorth-east 
  Suffolk, 
  of 
  a 
  freshwater 
  bed 
  

   on 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  islands 
  which 
  came 
  into 
  existence 
  by 
  such 
  elevation 
  and 
  

   denudation. 
  

  

  The 
  setting-in 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  submergence, 
  the 
  commencement 
  

   of 
  which 
  carried 
  the 
  sea 
  over 
  the 
  valley 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  river 
  that 
  

   flowed 
  into 
  the 
  estuar}- 
  of 
  the 
  Eluvio-marine 
  Crag 
  had 
  run, 
  repre- 
  

   sented 
  by 
  the 
  chalk 
  floor 
  extending 
  from 
  TVeybourn 
  to 
  Hasboro\ 
  

   and 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  which 
  was 
  accompanied 
  by 
  the 
  accumulation 
  

   around 
  these 
  islands 
  of 
  beds 
  of 
  shingle 
  and 
  sand 
  (b 
  i), 
  which 
  as 
  

   the 
  islands 
  became 
  submerged 
  were 
  spread 
  over 
  them 
  also, 
  and 
  in 
  

   the 
  form 
  of 
  gravel 
  and 
  sand 
  (&') 
  extended 
  over 
  England 
  as 
  the 
  

   submergence 
  progressed, 
  up 
  to 
  that 
  level 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  progress 
  

   of 
  this 
  great 
  depression 
  brought 
  the 
  sea-line 
  — 
  the 
  depression 
  in- 
  

   creasing 
  greatly 
  from 
  Eastern 
  Xorfolk 
  both 
  southwards 
  and 
  west- 
  

   wards, 
  but 
  mostly 
  in 
  the 
  westerly 
  direction. 
  In 
  consequence 
  of 
  

   this 
  the 
  ice 
  that, 
  at 
  the 
  commencement 
  of 
  the 
  glaciation, 
  had 
  

   flowed 
  from 
  the 
  Pennine 
  to 
  the 
  only 
  sea 
  of 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  which 
  

   we 
  find 
  any 
  evidence 
  in 
  England 
  at 
  that 
  time 
  — 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Upper 
  

   Crag, 
  and 
  its 
  first 
  extension 
  by 
  this 
  movement 
  in 
  East 
  Anglia. 
  

   changed 
  gradually 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  its 
  flow, 
  so 
  that, 
  after 
  re- 
  

   ceding 
  with 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  the 
  submergence, 
  it 
  took 
  a 
  different 
  

   direction 
  in 
  accordance 
  with 
  the 
  altered 
  inclination 
  of 
  the 
  country, 
  

   and 
  with 
  the 
  deepening 
  of 
  the 
  sea 
  southwards 
  and 
  westwards. 
  Thus 
  

   as 
  emergence 
  brought 
  the 
  shallowest 
  area 
  (which 
  was 
  now 
  the 
  east- 
  

   ern) 
  first 
  into 
  the 
  condition 
  of 
  land, 
  and 
  the 
  more 
  elevated 
  parts 
  of 
  

   this 
  area 
  became 
  islands, 
  the 
  ice 
  extended 
  over 
  these 
  in 
  its 
  way 
  

   to 
  the 
  sea, 
  overwhelming 
  them 
  with 
  its 
  moraine 
  of 
  chalky 
  clay 
  (d) 
  ; 
  

   and 
  as 
  it 
  thickened 
  in 
  the 
  channels 
  between 
  these 
  islands, 
  it 
  cut 
  out 
  

   and 
  destroyed 
  the 
  gravel 
  which 
  had 
  formed 
  there, 
  and 
  then, 
  as 
  the 
  

   general 
  mass 
  of 
  ice 
  increased, 
  crushed 
  out 
  and 
  pushed 
  forward 
  most 
  

   of 
  the 
  moraine 
  first 
  accumulated, 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  overwhelm 
  other 
  islands 
  

   with 
  it 
  as 
  it 
  reached 
  them. 
  I 
  also 
  showed 
  the 
  way 
  in 
  which, 
  as 
  it 
  

   followed 
  the 
  retiring 
  sea, 
  this 
  moraine 
  was 
  pushed 
  into 
  it 
  as 
  a 
  mud- 
  

   bank, 
  which 
  covered 
  the 
  gravel 
  and 
  preserved 
  it 
  until 
  the 
  ice 
  thick- 
  

   ened 
  sufficiently 
  to 
  cut 
  out 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  the 
  moraine-covered 
  gravel 
  

   and 
  replace 
  it 
  with 
  fresh 
  moraine. 
  I 
  also 
  explained 
  how 
  this 
  ice, 
  

  

  2y2 
  

  

  