﻿PLIOCENE 
  PERIOD 
  IN 
  ENGLAND. 
  697 
  

  

  it, 
  viz. 
  between 
  30 
  and 
  60 
  feet. 
  Palaeolithic 
  implements 
  have 
  (either 
  

   at 
  Acton 
  or 
  Crayford) 
  occurred 
  in 
  Nos. 
  1, 
  2, 
  and 
  3. 
  

  

  Northwards 
  along 
  the 
  eastern 
  border 
  of 
  Essex, 
  where 
  the 
  gravel 
  

   / 
  is 
  shown 
  extending, 
  traces 
  of 
  No. 
  4 
  occur 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  Bradwell 
  *, 
  12 
  

   miles 
  W.S.W. 
  of 
  Clacton 
  ; 
  but 
  at 
  Clacton 
  it 
  has 
  changed 
  to 
  a 
  loamy 
  

   gravel, 
  which, 
  but 
  for 
  the 
  Cliff-section 
  showing 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  distinct 
  from 
  

   /, 
  by 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  bed 
  No. 
  2 
  a 
  of 
  the 
  Cyrena-formaXion 
  being 
  inter- 
  

   calated 
  between 
  them, 
  might 
  be 
  confounded 
  with/(see 
  fig. 
  XXIY.)f. 
  

  

  In 
  England, 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Thames, 
  the 
  Cyrena 
  has 
  not 
  yet 
  been 
  

   detected 
  either 
  in 
  marine 
  or 
  freshwater 
  beds 
  ; 
  but 
  northwards 
  as 
  far 
  

   as 
  Yorkshire 
  (irrespective 
  of 
  its 
  presence 
  in 
  the 
  Upper 
  Crag, 
  and 
  the 
  

   base 
  of 
  the 
  sands 
  b 
  1, 
  where 
  these 
  are 
  fossiliferous 
  and 
  fiuvio-marine, 
  

   as 
  in 
  the 
  Bure 
  valley) 
  it 
  has 
  occurred 
  in 
  many 
  places 
  in 
  beds 
  of 
  the 
  

   Stage 
  under 
  consideration. 
  Taking 
  them 
  in 
  their 
  order 
  northwards 
  

   from 
  Clacton, 
  we 
  find 
  it 
  in 
  a 
  bed 
  of 
  peaty 
  sandy 
  clay 
  at 
  Stutton 
  

   (centre 
  of 
  Sheet 
  48) 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  the 
  Stour 
  estuary, 
  which 
  

   divides 
  Essex 
  from 
  Suffolk, 
  at 
  the 
  edge 
  and 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  salt 
  water 
  

   which 
  fills 
  this 
  estuary 
  ; 
  the 
  valley 
  in 
  which 
  this 
  bed 
  occurs 
  being- 
  

   cut 
  through 
  the 
  sands 
  hi 
  and 
  gravel 
  c, 
  and 
  having 
  formed 
  one 
  

   of 
  the 
  fiords 
  by 
  which, 
  during 
  the 
  latter 
  part 
  of 
  Stage 
  III., 
  the 
  

   ice 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  issued 
  to 
  the 
  sea. 
  So 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  am 
  aware 
  (and 
  

   my 
  father 
  collected 
  at 
  one 
  time 
  extensively 
  from 
  it) 
  no 
  marine 
  shell 
  

   has 
  occurred 
  in 
  the 
  bed 
  here 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  Cyrena 
  specimens 
  are 
  of 
  large 
  

   size, 
  with 
  valves 
  united, 
  and 
  associated 
  with 
  many 
  species 
  of 
  fresh- 
  

   water 
  and 
  land 
  Mollusca. 
  In 
  the 
  extreme 
  north-east 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  

   sheet, 
  however, 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  the 
  Butley 
  Creek 
  (another 
  of 
  the 
  

   issues 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  at 
  the 
  close 
  of 
  that 
  formation 
  in 
  

   East 
  Anglia), 
  the 
  Cyrena 
  also 
  occurs 
  in 
  a 
  bed 
  overlying 
  the 
  Coral- 
  

   line 
  Crag 
  in 
  the 
  " 
  Broom 
  " 
  and 
  " 
  Gomer 
  " 
  pits 
  at 
  Gedgrave. 
  Here 
  

   it 
  was 
  found 
  by 
  my 
  father 
  associated 
  with 
  marine 
  shells, 
  which, 
  from 
  

   his 
  remarks 
  %, 
  I 
  inferred 
  were 
  merely 
  derivatives 
  from 
  the 
  Crag. 
  

   Messrs. 
  A. 
  and 
  R. 
  Bell, 
  however, 
  inform 
  me 
  that 
  though 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   shells 
  in 
  this 
  bed 
  (such 
  as 
  Troehus 
  subexcavatus 
  and 
  Murex 
  tortuosus) 
  

   are, 
  no 
  doubt, 
  derivative, 
  others, 
  which 
  are 
  of 
  living 
  species, 
  are 
  unlike 
  

   the 
  Crag 
  shells 
  in 
  mineral 
  condition, 
  being 
  but 
  very 
  slightly 
  fossilized, 
  

   and 
  that 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  (Buccinum 
  undatum) 
  is 
  not 
  the 
  thin 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  

   Crag, 
  but 
  the 
  thick 
  shell 
  now 
  living 
  on 
  our 
  present 
  coast. 
  I 
  have 
  

   found 
  also 
  in 
  my 
  father's 
  cabinet 
  some 
  specimens 
  of 
  Troehus 
  cinera- 
  

   rius 
  marked 
  as 
  " 
  from 
  the 
  bed 
  over 
  the 
  lied 
  Crag 
  of 
  the 
  pit 
  near 
  the 
  

   Oyster 
  Inn, 
  Butley 
  ;" 
  and 
  these 
  retain 
  much 
  of 
  their 
  colour, 
  and 
  

   are, 
  like 
  the 
  shells 
  of 
  the 
  Nar 
  valley 
  and 
  Selsea 
  beds, 
  but 
  slightly 
  

   fossilized 
  §. 
  My 
  father 
  also 
  (Crag 
  Moll. 
  vol. 
  i. 
  p. 
  109) 
  speaks 
  of 
  

  

  * 
  At 
  Currys 
  Mill, 
  Bradwell, 
  I 
  found 
  7 
  feet, 
  of 
  it 
  placed 
  vertically 
  beside 
  the 
  

   gravel 
  /, 
  seemingly 
  let 
  down 
  by 
  a 
  small 
  fault, 
  and 
  so 
  saved 
  from 
  the 
  denudation 
  

   which 
  had 
  there 
  removed 
  this 
  bed 
  from 
  the 
  general 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  gravel/. 
  

  

  t 
  At 
  Clacton 
  there 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  a 
  denudation 
  of 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  No. 
  3 
  

   before 
  No. 
  4 
  was 
  deposited. 
  

  

  I 
  See 
  ' 
  Crag 
  Mollusca,' 
  vol. 
  i. 
  p. 
  109, 
  and 
  vol. 
  ii. 
  p. 
  105. 
  

  

  § 
  Mr. 
  A. 
  Bell 
  informs 
  me 
  that 
  he 
  obtained 
  these 
  specimens 
  of 
  Troehus 
  from 
  

   the 
  patch 
  of 
  clay 
  marked 
  with 
  an 
  asterisk 
  shown 
  by 
  him 
  in 
  his 
  section 
  of 
  this 
  

   pit 
  at 
  page 
  451 
  of 
  the 
  Geol. 
  Mag. 
  for 
  1871, 
  and 
  gave 
  them 
  to 
  my 
  father. 
  

  

  Q.J.G.S. 
  No. 
  152. 
  3 
  a 
  

  

  