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  SEARLES 
  V. 
  WOOD 
  ON 
  THE 
  NEWER 
  

  

  thawing 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  layer 
  of 
  the 
  soil, 
  and 
  which 
  was 
  synchronous 
  

   with 
  the 
  gravel 
  g, 
  but 
  necessarily 
  terminated 
  at 
  the 
  limit 
  reached 
  in 
  

   flood 
  by 
  the 
  river-water 
  depositing 
  that 
  gravel. 
  To 
  the 
  west 
  of 
  

   London 
  it 
  forms 
  what 
  Col. 
  Lane 
  Pox 
  * 
  terms 
  the 
  middle 
  and 
  lower 
  

   gravel-terrace, 
  the 
  upper 
  level 
  of 
  which 
  does 
  not 
  exceed 
  45 
  feet 
  

   above 
  0. 
  D., 
  and 
  from 
  which 
  he 
  obtained 
  Reindeer-remains 
  in 
  

   association 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  Hippopotamus. 
  There, 
  as 
  also 
  at 
  Brentford, 
  

   where 
  it 
  has 
  yielded 
  freshwater 
  shells 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  Reindeer 
  (but 
  of 
  

   course 
  not 
  Cyrenaf), 
  it 
  passes 
  up 
  into 
  a 
  few 
  feet 
  of 
  brickearth, 
  

   which, 
  though 
  shown 
  only 
  between 
  Brentford 
  and 
  ISottingdale 
  on 
  

   the 
  Geological 
  Survey 
  Map 
  (with 
  some 
  outlying 
  patches 
  elsewhere), 
  

   is 
  generally 
  found 
  overlying 
  gravel 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  about 
  30 
  feet 
  

   above 
  the 
  river 
  up 
  the 
  Thames 
  valley 
  through 
  Sheet 
  7. 
  It 
  was 
  in 
  

   this 
  sheet 
  of 
  gravel 
  that 
  the 
  skull 
  of 
  the 
  Musk-Ox 
  occurred 
  at 
  

   Maidenhead 
  J. 
  

  

  The 
  depression 
  which 
  accompanied 
  the 
  C//r«ia-formation 
  and 
  the 
  

   subsequent 
  rise 
  of 
  the 
  land 
  to 
  the 
  point 
  where 
  this 
  pause 
  occurred, 
  

   have 
  in 
  the 
  Thames 
  valley 
  placed 
  that 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  Cyrena 
  -formation 
  

   in 
  which 
  the 
  freshwater 
  shells 
  occur 
  at 
  nearly 
  the 
  same 
  level 
  as 
  the 
  

   upper 
  limit 
  of 
  the 
  gravel 
  g. 
  At 
  Grays 
  and 
  Crayford 
  it 
  is 
  somewhat 
  

   higher, 
  but 
  at 
  Ilford 
  and 
  further 
  up 
  the 
  Thames 
  and 
  its 
  tributaries 
  

   the 
  elevation 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  is 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  ; 
  for 
  if 
  I 
  am 
  right 
  in 
  

   referring 
  the 
  sand 
  and 
  overlying 
  brickearth 
  of 
  Col. 
  Lane 
  Fox's 
  

   80-feet 
  terrace 
  at 
  Acton 
  to 
  beds 
  3 
  and 
  4 
  of 
  the 
  Grays 
  pits, 
  the 
  lower 
  

   or 
  shell-bearing 
  part 
  of 
  no. 
  3 
  is 
  absent, 
  the 
  sand 
  representing 
  no. 
  3 
  

   being 
  only 
  the 
  upper 
  or 
  unfossiliferous 
  part 
  of 
  that 
  bed, 
  which 
  there 
  

   rests 
  on 
  the 
  London 
  Clay 
  by 
  transgression 
  beyond 
  the 
  lower 
  or 
  

   shell-bearing 
  part; 
  the 
  latter, 
  together 
  with 
  2 
  and 
  1, 
  having 
  been 
  

   destroyed 
  when 
  the 
  rise 
  and 
  disturbances 
  took 
  place 
  that 
  removed 
  

   so 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  Cyrena-form&tion, 
  and 
  gave 
  rise 
  to 
  the 
  new 
  channel 
  

   in 
  which 
  g 
  accumulated. 
  

  

  Thus 
  over 
  England 
  generally 
  there 
  is 
  nothing, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  can 
  see, 
  

   yet 
  discovered 
  which 
  would 
  place 
  gravel 
  yielding 
  Reindeer-remains 
  

   in 
  any 
  earlier 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  Newer 
  Pliocene 
  period 
  than 
  that 
  now 
  under 
  

   consideration 
  ; 
  while 
  the 
  preponderating 
  presence 
  of 
  these 
  remains 
  

   in 
  all 
  cave-earths 
  is 
  an 
  important 
  element 
  of 
  identity 
  between 
  the 
  

   various 
  formations, 
  marine, 
  terrestrial, 
  fluviatile, 
  and 
  morainic, 
  

   that 
  I 
  have 
  attributed 
  to 
  the 
  minor 
  glaciation, 
  when 
  a 
  climate 
  

   similar 
  in 
  all 
  respects, 
  apparently, 
  to 
  that 
  under 
  which 
  this 
  deer 
  

   mainly 
  exists 
  at 
  the 
  present 
  day 
  prevailed 
  in 
  western 
  Europe. 
  

   Negative 
  evidence, 
  we 
  all 
  know, 
  is 
  a 
  very 
  unsafe 
  reliance 
  ; 
  but 
  up 
  to 
  

   the 
  present 
  time 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  justly 
  asserted 
  that 
  no 
  remains 
  of 
  this 
  

   animal 
  have 
  occurred 
  in 
  any 
  formation 
  in 
  England 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  

   assigned 
  without 
  doubt 
  to 
  an 
  earlier 
  stage 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  this 
  minor 
  

   glaciation 
  §. 
  Whether 
  the 
  Reindeer 
  entered 
  western 
  Europe 
  while 
  

  

  * 
  ' 
  Journal,' 
  vol. 
  xxviii. 
  p. 
  449. 
  t 
  Morris, 
  in 
  'Journal,' 
  vol. 
  vi. 
  p. 
  203. 
  

  

  | 
  Prestwich 
  in 
  ' 
  Journal,' 
  vol. 
  xii. 
  p. 
  131. 
  

  

  § 
  The 
  highest 
  point 
  above 
  existing 
  rivers 
  at 
  which 
  Keindeer-remains 
  have 
  

   occurred 
  in 
  English 
  river-gra,xe\, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  know, 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Evesham 
  

   gravel 
  described 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Ingram 
  in 
  vol. 
  xxxv. 
  of 
  the 
  ' 
  Journal,' 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  

  

  

  