﻿734 
  seaeles 
  v. 
  Wood 
  on 
  the 
  newer 
  

  

  rally 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  bouldered, 
  however) 
  in 
  the 
  gravel 
  g, 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  

   few 
  caves, 
  in 
  association 
  with 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  the 
  Eeindeer, 
  that 
  

   raises 
  the 
  presumption 
  that 
  it 
  inhabited 
  England 
  during 
  the 
  minor 
  

   glaciation, 
  and 
  synchronously 
  with 
  that 
  Deer; 
  but 
  we 
  have 
  only 
  

   to 
  reflect 
  on 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  existing 
  Siberia 
  to 
  see 
  how 
  fallacious 
  such 
  

   association 
  may 
  be 
  as 
  evidence 
  of 
  the 
  contemporaneous 
  existence 
  of 
  

   two 
  animals 
  ; 
  for 
  it 
  is 
  well 
  known 
  that 
  the 
  bones 
  and 
  tusks 
  of 
  the 
  

   Mammoth 
  are 
  every 
  summer 
  washed 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  frozen 
  soil 
  of 
  Siberia, 
  

   on 
  which 
  that 
  animal 
  has 
  long 
  ceased 
  to 
  live, 
  in 
  as 
  fresh 
  a 
  condi- 
  

   tion 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Eeindeer 
  which 
  now 
  die 
  there, 
  or 
  as 
  the 
  antlers 
  

   they 
  yearly 
  shed 
  there 
  can 
  be 
  ; 
  and 
  that 
  thus 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  both 
  

   animals 
  must 
  be 
  swept 
  into 
  the 
  gravels 
  and 
  other 
  deposits 
  now 
  

   forming 
  in 
  the 
  rivers 
  there. 
  So 
  most 
  probably 
  was 
  it 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  

   England 
  during 
  the 
  minor 
  glaciation, 
  and 
  the 
  bones 
  of 
  the 
  Hippo- 
  

   potamus, 
  that 
  undoubtedly 
  inhabited 
  this 
  country 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  Cfymia-formation, 
  and 
  which 
  had 
  become 
  imbedded 
  in 
  

   that 
  formation 
  and 
  in 
  other 
  superficial 
  deposits 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  

   were 
  during 
  the 
  minor 
  glaciation 
  washed 
  out 
  to 
  intermingle 
  in 
  

   the 
  gravel 
  of 
  that 
  glaciation 
  with 
  the 
  bones 
  of 
  the 
  Mammoth 
  which 
  

   still 
  continued 
  to 
  inhabit 
  this 
  country, 
  and 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Eein- 
  

   deer, 
  which 
  about 
  that 
  time, 
  it 
  would 
  seem, 
  first 
  made 
  its 
  way 
  into 
  

   it 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  more 
  likely 
  that 
  remains 
  of 
  the 
  Hippopotamus, 
  from 
  

   some 
  superficial 
  bed 
  of 
  the 
  Cymia-pcriod, 
  became 
  incorporated 
  in 
  

   the 
  atmospheric 
  formation 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  described 
  as 
  resulting 
  from 
  

   the 
  thawing 
  of 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  permanently 
  frozen 
  soil 
  during 
  

   the 
  minor 
  glaciation, 
  and 
  moving 
  slowly 
  over 
  the 
  surface 
  and 
  pene- 
  

   trating 
  the 
  fissures, 
  so 
  made 
  their 
  way 
  into 
  the 
  few 
  caves 
  in 
  

   which 
  these 
  remains 
  have 
  occurred, 
  than 
  that 
  such 
  an 
  animal 
  as 
  the 
  

   Hippopotamus 
  should 
  have 
  frequented 
  caves 
  for 
  shelter, 
  or 
  had 
  its 
  

   remains 
  dragged 
  thither 
  by 
  carnivorous 
  animals 
  or 
  by 
  man. 
  

  

  As 
  to 
  the 
  third 
  point, 
  that 
  of 
  an 
  open 
  North 
  Sea 
  during 
  the 
  major 
  

   glaciation, 
  the 
  possibility 
  of 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  denied 
  by 
  one 
  school 
  of 
  

   geologists, 
  who 
  explain 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  molluscan 
  remains 
  in 
  clays 
  

   of 
  morainic 
  origin 
  by 
  the 
  bed 
  of 
  this 
  sea 
  having 
  been 
  swept 
  out 
  by 
  

   a 
  vast 
  ice-sheet 
  coming 
  from 
  Scandinavia, 
  which 
  filled 
  it. 
  My 
  study 
  

   of 
  the 
  subject, 
  however, 
  has 
  led 
  me 
  to 
  the 
  conclusion 
  not 
  only 
  that 
  

   the 
  presence 
  of 
  molluscan 
  remains 
  in 
  morainic 
  clay 
  did 
  not 
  originate 
  

   in 
  this 
  way, 
  but 
  that 
  throughout 
  the 
  glaciation 
  the 
  ice 
  was 
  of 
  British 
  

   origin 
  solely, 
  and 
  the 
  North 
  Sea 
  open 
  *. 
  The 
  fact 
  that 
  where 
  ice 
  

   issues 
  below 
  the 
  sea-level, 
  moraine 
  must 
  be 
  extruded 
  in 
  the 
  unstra- 
  

   tified 
  form 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  overlooked, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  

   floes 
  bringing 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  Mollusca 
  from 
  the 
  shores 
  to 
  which 
  

   they 
  had 
  frozen, 
  and 
  debris 
  and 
  blocks 
  foreign 
  to 
  the 
  area 
  traversed 
  

   by 
  the 
  ice 
  giving 
  rise 
  to 
  the 
  moraine, 
  pack 
  against 
  the 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  

   land-ice 
  thus 
  extruding 
  ; 
  and 
  so 
  supply 
  to 
  that 
  moraine 
  material 
  

   which 
  every 
  change 
  in 
  the 
  terminal 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  must 
  incor- 
  

  

  . 
  * 
  That 
  is 
  to 
  say, 
  from 
  the 
  Norfolk 
  coast 
  southwards 
  at 
  least. 
  The 
  movement 
  

   of 
  the 
  ice 
  down 
  the 
  coast 
  of 
  Yorkshire 
  and 
  Lincolnshire 
  to 
  form 
  the 
  Purple 
  Clay 
  

   seems 
  to 
  indicate 
  that 
  there 
  was 
  land 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  it 
  at 
  that 
  time. 
  Perhaps 
  

   this 
  was 
  an 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  island 
  formed 
  by 
  North 
  Norfolk 
  shown 
  in 
  fig. 
  VIII. 
  

  

  