﻿PLIOCENE 
  PERIOD 
  IN 
  ENGLAND. 
  737 
  

  

  I 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  bed 
  which 
  in 
  the 
  representation 
  of 
  Easton-Bavent 
  

   cliff 
  in 
  the 
  Introduction 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  Supplement 
  to 
  my 
  father's 
  ' 
  Mo- 
  

   nograph 
  of 
  the 
  Crag 
  Mollusca 
  ' 
  was 
  shown 
  as 
  the 
  Contorted 
  Drift 
  

   (7 
  of 
  that 
  representation, 
  and 
  b 
  3 
  of 
  this 
  memoir), 
  is 
  really 
  the 
  

   moraine 
  of 
  a 
  stream 
  of 
  ice 
  which 
  issued 
  from 
  the 
  great 
  inland 
  ice- 
  

   field 
  at 
  the 
  close 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky-Clay 
  formation 
  in 
  East 
  Suffolk, 
  

   this 
  moraine 
  being 
  a 
  reconstruction 
  of 
  the 
  Chillesford 
  Clay 
  on 
  which 
  

   it 
  rests, 
  and 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  pebbly 
  sand 
  b 
  1 
  which 
  had 
  covered 
  that 
  

   clay, 
  and 
  over 
  which 
  this 
  ice-stream 
  had 
  passed*. 
  Another 
  of 
  these 
  

   (which 
  in 
  that 
  representation 
  was 
  also 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  Contorted 
  Drift) 
  

   cuts 
  wedge-like 
  into 
  this 
  sand 
  on 
  the 
  higher 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  cliff 
  near 
  the 
  

   dismantled 
  homestead 
  of 
  Easton-Bavent 
  ; 
  and 
  a 
  third 
  cuts 
  through 
  

   these 
  sands 
  at 
  the 
  low 
  south 
  extremity 
  of 
  this 
  cliff, 
  near 
  the 
  part 
  

   where 
  they 
  are 
  bedded 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  early 
  glacial 
  island 
  formed 
  of 
  

   Chillesford 
  Clay, 
  which 
  is 
  represented 
  by 
  the 
  lower 
  parts 
  of 
  Easton 
  

   and 
  Covehithe 
  cliffs. 
  This 
  last-mentioned 
  moraine 
  runs 
  down 
  below 
  

   the 
  beach, 
  and 
  had 
  a 
  patch 
  of 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  incorporated 
  in 
  it. 
  At 
  the 
  

   north 
  end 
  of 
  Southwold 
  Cliff, 
  near 
  the 
  marsh 
  of 
  the 
  Buss 
  Creek, 
  is 
  

   another 
  of 
  these 
  moraines 
  of 
  sandy 
  clay 
  produced 
  by 
  the 
  reconstruc- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  pebbly 
  sand, 
  b 
  1, 
  with 
  some 
  (probably 
  Chillesford) 
  clay 
  : 
  

   but 
  this 
  is 
  overlain 
  with 
  chalky 
  sand, 
  like 
  that 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  sequel 
  

   as 
  occurring 
  in 
  the 
  well-section, 
  which, 
  again, 
  is 
  overlain 
  by 
  a 
  few 
  feet 
  

   of 
  the 
  ordinary 
  Chalky 
  Clay, 
  and 
  this, 
  again, 
  by 
  brickearth 
  from 
  which 
  

   considerable 
  remains 
  of 
  an 
  elephant 
  were 
  many 
  years 
  ago 
  obtained 
  ; 
  

   and 
  the 
  whole 
  occupies 
  and 
  fills 
  the 
  southern 
  edge 
  of 
  a 
  trough 
  that 
  

   has 
  been 
  cut 
  through 
  the 
  sands 
  b 
  1, 
  which 
  form 
  all 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  

   Southwold 
  cliff, 
  and 
  which 
  trough, 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  it 
  

   which 
  is 
  thus 
  filled 
  up, 
  is 
  now 
  the 
  marsh 
  of 
  the 
  Buss 
  Creek. 
  It 
  is 
  

   evident 
  to 
  me 
  that 
  when 
  these 
  ice-streams 
  went 
  off 
  from 
  the 
  main 
  

   body 
  of 
  ice 
  (which 
  was 
  but 
  few 
  miles 
  inland, 
  where 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  

   in 
  its 
  usual 
  form 
  and 
  thickness 
  occupies 
  the 
  country 
  with 
  but 
  little 
  

   interruption 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  Sheet 
  50 
  of 
  Map 
  1), 
  the 
  sea-level 
  was 
  

   slightly, 
  though 
  not 
  much, 
  below 
  its 
  present 
  position 
  here, 
  these 
  ice- 
  

   streams 
  travelling 
  to 
  it. 
  Whether 
  the 
  Brickearth 
  with 
  elephant 
  

   remains 
  accumulated 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  trough 
  after 
  this 
  comparatively 
  

   thin 
  stream 
  of 
  ice 
  ceased, 
  but 
  while 
  yet 
  the 
  ice 
  was 
  issuing 
  in 
  

   glaciers 
  through 
  the 
  main 
  channels 
  by 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  described 
  it 
  

   as 
  issuing 
  in 
  East 
  Anglia 
  to 
  the 
  Xorth 
  Sea 
  after 
  its 
  volume 
  became 
  

   too 
  much 
  reduced 
  to 
  cover 
  the 
  emerged 
  plateaux 
  there, 
  and 
  so 
  be 
  

   synchronous 
  with 
  the 
  Hoxne 
  brickearth, 
  or 
  whether 
  it 
  be 
  a 
  later 
  

   deposit, 
  I 
  can 
  see 
  nothing 
  to 
  show. 
  

  

  I 
  also 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  loam 
  capping 
  Dunwich 
  cliff', 
  that 
  had 
  for 
  

   many 
  years 
  perplexed 
  me, 
  was 
  not 
  the 
  Contorted 
  Drift, 
  as 
  supposed 
  

   in 
  the 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  memoir, 
  but 
  moraine 
  of 
  similar 
  local 
  origin 
  

   to 
  that 
  just 
  mentioned, 
  with 
  slight 
  traces 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  and 
  a 
  

   few 
  of 
  its 
  flints 
  here 
  and 
  there 
  in 
  it 
  ; 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  this 
  

   cliff 
  beneath 
  it 
  consisted 
  of 
  the 
  sands 
  b 
  1 
  with 
  great 
  beds 
  of 
  shingle 
  

   in 
  them 
  at 
  the 
  two 
  extremities 
  of 
  the 
  cliff, 
  and 
  a 
  partial 
  intercalation 
  

  

  * 
  This 
  is 
  adjoining 
  Easton 
  Broad 
  ; 
  and 
  a 
  close 
  inspection 
  of 
  it 
  is 
  necessary 
  

   to 
  see 
  its 
  distinctness 
  from 
  the 
  Chillesford 
  Clay 
  on 
  which 
  it 
  rests. 
  

  

  