﻿PLIOCENE 
  PERIOD 
  IN 
  ENGLAND. 
  739 
  

  

  near 
  its 
  issue 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  valleys, 
  which 
  were 
  then 
  in 
  that 
  part 
  of 
  

   East 
  Anglia 
  a 
  little 
  above 
  their 
  present 
  level. 
  According 
  to 
  Dr. 
  

   Sutherland, 
  the 
  main 
  issue 
  of 
  the 
  thick 
  inland 
  ice, 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  

   shallow 
  sheets 
  and 
  streams 
  that 
  he 
  shows 
  in 
  the 
  cut 
  as 
  falling 
  and 
  

   welling 
  over 
  the 
  cliffs 
  come 
  off, 
  takes 
  place 
  through 
  channels 
  between 
  

   the 
  ice-buried 
  islands 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  cliffs 
  in 
  his 
  illustration 
  

   are 
  the 
  section. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  channels 
  he 
  infers, 
  from 
  the 
  length 
  

   of 
  fish-lines 
  the 
  Esquimaux 
  use 
  in 
  fishing 
  off 
  the 
  terminations 
  of 
  the 
  

   glaciers 
  that 
  issue 
  through 
  them, 
  descend 
  2400 
  feet 
  below 
  the 
  sea- 
  

   level, 
  and 
  are 
  consequently 
  filled 
  with 
  ice 
  of 
  that 
  thickness. 
  This 
  is 
  

   far 
  in 
  excess 
  of 
  the 
  depth 
  of 
  the 
  channels 
  by 
  which 
  the 
  issue 
  of 
  the 
  

   ice 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  took 
  place 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  which 
  I 
  have 
  selected 
  

   this 
  representation 
  to 
  illustrate 
  : 
  for 
  the 
  principal 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  issue- 
  

   channels 
  in 
  East 
  Anglia, 
  which 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Waveney 
  and 
  Yare 
  (and 
  

   which 
  passed 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  island 
  of 
  which 
  Easton-Bavent, 
  Covehithe, 
  

   Pakefield, 
  and 
  Hopton 
  cliffs 
  form 
  a 
  section), 
  appears 
  by 
  the 
  Yarmouth 
  

   artesian 
  well 
  to 
  descend 
  only 
  170 
  feet 
  below 
  the 
  present 
  sea-level*. 
  

   The 
  wedge- 
  or 
  dyke-like 
  small 
  moraines 
  that 
  cut 
  through 
  the 
  sands 
  of 
  

   Easton-Bavent 
  are 
  precisely 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  character 
  as 
  the 
  smnil 
  tongue 
  

   of 
  ice 
  cutting 
  down 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  sea 
  on 
  the 
  right 
  of 
  Dr. 
  Sutherland's 
  

   figure 
  would, 
  I 
  imagine, 
  give 
  rise 
  to: 
  

  

  I 
  also 
  caused 
  a 
  well 
  to 
  be 
  sunk 
  last 
  year 
  upon 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  fig. 
  I. 
  

   (in 
  the 
  Plate 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  memoir) 
  where 
  this 
  crosses 
  the 
  

   Deben 
  valley. 
  The 
  place 
  of 
  it 
  is 
  where 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  (after 
  

   covering 
  the 
  brickearth 
  bo 
  of 
  Hasketon 
  kiln, 
  and 
  the 
  graved 
  c 
  

   bedded 
  up 
  to 
  it) 
  thins 
  off 
  on 
  the 
  brow 
  of 
  this 
  valley. 
  The 
  well 
  was 
  

   84 
  feet 
  deep, 
  and 
  after 
  passing 
  through 
  2 
  feet 
  of 
  atmospheric 
  for- 
  

   mation, 
  and 
  4 
  feet 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay, 
  it 
  traversed 
  12 
  feet 
  of 
  chalky 
  

   sand 
  and 
  of 
  grit 
  with 
  very 
  small 
  lumps 
  of 
  rolled 
  chalk. 
  This 
  gra- 
  

   dually 
  changed 
  into 
  the 
  gravel 
  c, 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  which 
  contained 
  

   the 
  shell-fragments 
  described 
  at 
  p. 
  484 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  

   memoir, 
  and 
  much 
  rolled 
  chalk, 
  both 
  these 
  fragments 
  and 
  the 
  chalk 
  

   gradually 
  ceasing 
  downwards. 
  This 
  gravel 
  continued 
  down 
  to 
  75 
  feet, 
  

   the 
  last 
  9 
  feet 
  only 
  consisting 
  of 
  reddish-yellow 
  sand, 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  

   part 
  of 
  which 
  were 
  faint 
  seams 
  of 
  comminuted 
  Crag, 
  and 
  which 
  sand 
  

   may 
  be 
  either 
  the 
  Crag 
  or, 
  more 
  probably, 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  sand 
  b 
  1 
  

   containing 
  these 
  seams 
  of 
  material 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  waste 
  of 
  the 
  

   shores 
  of 
  the 
  Crag 
  beds 
  up 
  to 
  and 
  over 
  which 
  these 
  sands 
  were 
  at 
  

   the 
  outset 
  spread. 
  Thus 
  it 
  is 
  clear 
  that 
  the 
  trough 
  or 
  channel 
  of 
  the 
  

   Deben 
  valley, 
  which 
  during 
  the 
  emergence 
  had 
  been 
  washed 
  by 
  cur- 
  

   rents 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  sea-bottom 
  formed 
  of 
  b 
  1 
  and 
  b 
  8, 
  was, 
  on 
  its 
  west 
  

   side, 
  completely 
  filled 
  up 
  by 
  an 
  accumulation 
  of 
  the 
  gravel 
  c 
  and 
  of 
  

  

  * 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  glacier-fiords 
  by 
  which 
  this 
  issue 
  takes 
  place 
  in 
  Greenland 
  

   are, 
  however, 
  so 
  shallow 
  that 
  boats 
  can 
  scarcely 
  enter 
  them. 
  The 
  Waveney 
  

   issue 
  probably 
  took 
  place 
  partly 
  by 
  a 
  fiord 
  then 
  constituted 
  by 
  Oulton 
  Broad 
  

   and 
  Lothing 
  Harbour, 
  now 
  filled 
  in 
  by 
  more 
  recent 
  accumulations, 
  so 
  that 
  die 
  

   Waveney 
  river 
  has 
  been 
  barred 
  out 
  from 
  entering 
  the 
  sea 
  there, 
  and 
  diverted 
  

   northwards 
  into 
  the 
  Yare. 
  The 
  plunge 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay 
  into 
  this 
  issue-channel 
  

   is 
  shown 
  in 
  the 
  railway-cutting 
  at 
  Mutford. 
  The 
  plunge 
  into 
  the 
  main 
  issue- 
  

   channel 
  of 
  the 
  Tare 
  is 
  (or 
  was) 
  well 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  section 
  at 
  Burg 
  Castk* 
  

   brickfield. 
  

  

  