﻿742 
  SEAELES 
  V. 
  WOOD 
  ON 
  THE 
  NEWER 
  

  

  Those 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  depression 
  (Stage 
  II.).— 
  bl. 
  The 
  Pebbly 
  sand 
  or 
  Bure- 
  

   valley 
  beds. 
  b2. 
  The 
  Cromer 
  Till. 
  b3. 
  The 
  Brickearth, 
  which 
  being 
  con- 
  

   torted 
  in 
  the 
  Cromer 
  Cliff 
  is 
  there 
  called 
  the 
  Contorted 
  Drift. 
  b\ 
  Sand 
  and 
  

   gravel, 
  representing 
  b 
  1, 
  b2, 
  b3 
  by 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  submergence. 
  B. 
  The 
  base- 
  

   ment-clay 
  of 
  Holderness, 
  synchronous 
  -with 
  b 
  2. 
  

  

  Those 
  of 
  the 
  rise 
  from 
  the 
  great 
  depression 
  (Stages 
  III., 
  IV., 
  and 
  V.). 
  — 
  c 
  

   (except 
  in 
  figs. 
  XLVI. 
  and 
  XLVIII.) 
  is 
  sand 
  and 
  gravel, 
  which, 
  being 
  a 
  continua- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  b', 
  was 
  synchronous 
  with 
  the 
  advance 
  of 
  the 
  ice; 
  and 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  

   below 
  the 
  sea 
  as 
  the 
  ice 
  approached 
  it 
  is 
  composed 
  of 
  material 
  from 
  its 
  moraine. 
  

   c, 
  in 
  figs. 
  XLVI. 
  and 
  XLVIII., 
  represents 
  sand-beds 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  D. 
  d. 
  The 
  Chalky 
  claj\ 
  e. 
  Sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  synchronous 
  with 
  the 
  retreat 
  

   of 
  the 
  ice, 
  and 
  which, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  emergence 
  allowed 
  the 
  sea 
  to 
  enter 
  the 
  channels 
  

   during 
  this 
  retreat, 
  was 
  deposited 
  over 
  d. 
  e\ 
  Gravel 
  and 
  sand 
  formed 
  terrestri- 
  

   ally 
  by 
  the 
  effluent 
  water 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  of 
  the 
  Chalky 
  Clay. 
  D. 
  The 
  Purple 
  Clay 
  

   of 
  Yorkshire. 
  D'. 
  The 
  Lower 
  Clay 
  of 
  the 
  North-west 
  of 
  England. 
  /. 
  Sand 
  and 
  

   gravel, 
  being 
  a 
  continuation 
  of 
  c 
  and 
  e. 
  

  

  Those 
  of 
  the 
  Oyrena-fluminalis 
  formation 
  (Stage 
  VI.). 
  — 
  <£. 
  Fluvio-marine 
  

   sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  of 
  Yorkshire. 
  3>'. 
  Marine 
  sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  of 
  the 
  North-west 
  

   of 
  England. 
  <p. 
  The 
  Cym?a-formation 
  within 
  the 
  valleys 
  of 
  the 
  Thames 
  system 
  ; 
  

   divided 
  into 
  — 
  1, 
  Gravel 
  occupying 
  the 
  river-bed 
  before 
  depression 
  ; 
  02, 
  Strati- 
  

   fied 
  Brickearth 
  with 
  seams 
  of 
  sand 
  and 
  fine 
  gravel, 
  and 
  containing 
  freshwater 
  

   shells; 
  03, 
  False-bedded 
  yellow 
  sand 
  with 
  fine 
  gravel, 
  and 
  containing 
  fresh- 
  

   water 
  shells 
  in 
  its 
  lower 
  part: 
  04, 
  Brown 
  brickearth 
  without 
  shells. 
  At 
  

   Clacton 
  (fig. 
  XXIV.) 
  02 
  is 
  blue 
  loam 
  with 
  land- 
  and 
  freshwater 
  shells, 
  being 
  

   bed 
  6 
  of 
  Geological 
  Survey 
  Memoir, 
  and 
  bed 
  d 
  of 
  the 
  section 
  of 
  Mr. 
  O. 
  Fisher, 
  

   in 
  vol. 
  v. 
  of 
  the 
  ' 
  Geological 
  Magazine,' 
  p. 
  214 
  ; 
  2a, 
  Dark 
  brown 
  peaty 
  shale 
  

   and 
  greenish 
  clay 
  with 
  valves 
  of 
  Scrobicularia 
  pvperata, 
  valves 
  of 
  Balanus, 
  oper- 
  

   cula 
  of 
  Bithinia 
  tentaculata, 
  and 
  pieces 
  of 
  wood, 
  being 
  bed 
  5 
  of 
  Geological 
  

   Survey 
  Memoir, 
  and 
  bed 
  c 
  of 
  Mr. 
  Fisher's 
  section 
  ; 
  and 
  03 
  is 
  sandy 
  clay, 
  con- 
  

   taining 
  Cyrena 
  fluminalis, 
  Paludina 
  lenta(P. 
  clactoniensis 
  of 
  1st 
  Supplement 
  to 
  

   1 
  Crag 
  Mollusca 
  '), 
  and 
  Bissoa 
  thermalis, 
  in 
  association 
  with 
  Cardium 
  edide, 
  being 
  

   bed 
  3 
  of 
  Survey 
  Memoir, 
  and 
  bed 
  b 
  of 
  Mr. 
  Fisher's 
  section. 
  I 
  presume 
  that 
  it 
  

   was 
  from 
  this 
  bed 
  or 
  from 
  2a 
  that 
  all 
  the 
  salt-water 
  shells, 
  Cardium 
  edule, 
  

   Scrobicularia 
  piperata, 
  Mytilus 
  edulis, 
  Tcllina 
  balthica, 
  Tellina 
  tenuis, 
  Mactra 
  

   ovalis, 
  and 
  Turritella 
  communis, 
  which 
  in 
  the 
  Geological 
  Survey 
  Memoir 
  are 
  

   given 
  as 
  from 
  Clacton, 
  were 
  obtained. 
  I 
  possess 
  all 
  but 
  the 
  thee 
  last 
  named, 
  

   collected 
  from 
  there 
  by 
  my 
  father. 
  

  

  N.B. 
  — 
  In 
  fig. 
  VI. 
  (in 
  Plate 
  to 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  Memoir) 
  the 
  whole 
  Cyrena- 
  

   formation 
  at 
  Grays 
  is 
  shown 
  under 
  letter/". 
  

  

  Those 
  of 
  the 
  Minor 
  Glaciation 
  (Stage 
  VII.). 
  — 
  G. 
  The 
  marine 
  gravel 
  of 
  Hants 
  

   and 
  Sussex 
  with 
  great 
  blocks. 
  G-'. 
  The 
  Upper 
  Clay 
  of 
  the 
  North-west 
  of 
  

   England. 
  I\ 
  The 
  Hessle 
  Clay. 
  Ty. 
  Sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  referred 
  to 
  the 
  effluent 
  

   water 
  of 
  the 
  land-ice. 
  y. 
  The 
  atmospheric 
  formation 
  resulting 
  from 
  the 
  

   thawing 
  and 
  refreezing 
  of 
  the 
  uppermost 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  frozen 
  land. 
  g. 
  River- 
  

   gravel, 
  yn. 
  Band 
  of 
  flat 
  fragments 
  in 
  Rutlandshire 
  and 
  South 
  Lincolnshire. 
  

   gh. 
  Gravel 
  with 
  flattened 
  fragments 
  of 
  hard 
  chalk 
  at 
  Bridlington. 
  

  

  Those 
  subsequent 
  to 
  the 
  Minor 
  Glaciation. 
  — 
  H. 
  Marine 
  sand 
  of 
  the 
  North- 
  

   west 
  of 
  England, 
  which 
  in 
  fig. 
  LII. 
  contains 
  molluscan 
  remains, 
  h. 
  Fluviatile 
  

   sand 
  and 
  gravel. 
  -^-. 
  Recent 
  beds 
  and 
  marsh 
  clay. 
  

  

  The 
  vertical 
  scales 
  are 
  in 
  feet 
  above 
  ordnance 
  datum, 
  signified 
  by 
  O. 
  D. 
  ; 
  H. 
  W. 
  

   signifying 
  high-water 
  mark. 
  Elevations 
  are 
  in 
  some 
  cases 
  written 
  over 
  the 
  

   surface-line 
  of 
  the 
  figures*. 
  Figs. 
  LI. 
  and 
  LII. 
  are 
  reduced 
  from 
  those 
  of 
  Mr. 
  

   G-. 
  Maw, 
  in 
  vol. 
  vi. 
  of 
  the 
  ' 
  Geological 
  Magazine,' 
  p. 
  72 
  ; 
  fig. 
  LIII. 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  

   Mr. 
  Mackintosh 
  in 
  vol. 
  xxxiii. 
  of 
  the 
  Journal, 
  p. 
  733 
  ; 
  and 
  fig. 
  LV. 
  from 
  that 
  

  

  * 
  I 
  have 
  had 
  much 
  difficulty 
  in 
  ascertaining 
  elevations, 
  the 
  indications 
  of 
  

   them 
  on 
  the 
  Ordnance 
  Maps 
  being 
  confined 
  to 
  a 
  few 
  sheets, 
  and 
  these 
  mostly 
  in 
  

   the 
  north 
  of 
  England 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  have 
  ascertained 
  them 
  sufficiently 
  near 
  for 
  general 
  

   purposes 
  by 
  obtaining 
  the 
  gradient 
  profiles 
  of 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  railways 
  and 
  allowing 
  

   for 
  differences 
  between 
  their 
  datum-lines 
  and 
  ordnance 
  datum. 
  The 
  ordnance 
  

   book 
  of 
  levels 
  is 
  of 
  but 
  partial 
  aid, 
  being 
  confined 
  to 
  certain 
  main 
  lines 
  of 
  road. 
  

  

  