﻿ANNIVERSARY 
  ADDRESS 
  OE 
  THE 
  PRESIDENT. 
  141 
  

  

  where 
  this 
  division 
  of 
  the 
  Lias 
  is 
  greatly 
  developed, 
  no 
  species 
  has 
  

   as 
  yet 
  been 
  determined. 
  

  

  Upper 
  Lias. 
  — 
  One 
  genus 
  (Pence) 
  with 
  2 
  species, 
  P. 
  Huttoniana 
  

   and 
  P. 
  Lindleyana, 
  are 
  all 
  the 
  plant-remains 
  known 
  in 
  the 
  Upper 
  

   Lias. 
  We 
  have 
  no 
  evidence 
  of 
  estuarine 
  or 
  true 
  land 
  conditions 
  in 
  

   the 
  Upper 
  Lias 
  of 
  any 
  area 
  in 
  Britain, 
  although 
  the 
  succeeding 
  

   sandstones 
  and 
  shales 
  of 
  the 
  Inferior 
  Oolite 
  in 
  Yorkshire 
  were 
  evi- 
  

   dently 
  deposited 
  in 
  shallow 
  water 
  and 
  contiguous 
  to 
  land 
  on 
  which 
  

   nourished 
  a 
  luxuriant 
  vegetation. 
  Remains 
  of 
  true 
  marine 
  plants 
  

   appear 
  to 
  be 
  unknown 
  in 
  the 
  Lias, 
  and 
  only 
  sparingly 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  

   succeeding 
  Oolites. 
  We 
  should 
  rather 
  expect 
  to 
  hnd 
  evidence 
  of 
  

   moderately 
  deep-water 
  Algae 
  in 
  both 
  the 
  Lower 
  and 
  Upper 
  Lias, 
  the 
  

   character 
  of 
  the 
  clays 
  being 
  such 
  as 
  to 
  preserve 
  delicate 
  tissues 
  or 
  

   organisms. 
  

  

  Amorphozoa 
  (Spongida). 
  — 
  The 
  only 
  genus 
  known 
  (Gfrantia) 
  be- 
  

   longs 
  to 
  the 
  Calcispongige. 
  The 
  Great 
  Oolite 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  horizon 
  

   where 
  the 
  Amorphozoa 
  predominate 
  ; 
  we 
  there 
  find 
  9 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  11 
  

   known 
  Jurassic 
  species 
  ; 
  these 
  are 
  noticed 
  under 
  the 
  horizon 
  in 
  

   which 
  they 
  occur. 
  

  

  Rhizopoda 
  (Foraminifera). 
  — 
  Recent 
  research 
  into 
  the 
  history 
  and 
  

   distribution 
  of 
  the 
  Secondary 
  and 
  Tertiary 
  Rhizopoda 
  has 
  greatly 
  

   added 
  to 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  known 
  species. 
  In 
  the 
  Lias 
  alone 
  there 
  are 
  

   23 
  genera 
  and 
  100 
  species 
  ; 
  17 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  Triassic 
  also. 
  84 
  of 
  the 
  

   100 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  Lower 
  Lias, 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  genera 
  being 
  Cris- 
  

   teUaria, 
  Dentalina, 
  Marginulina, 
  Frondicularia, 
  Polymorphina, 
  and 
  

   Planularia 
  ; 
  the 
  species 
  belonging 
  to 
  these 
  6 
  genera 
  number 
  56, 
  the 
  

   remaining 
  17 
  genera 
  having 
  few 
  representatives, 
  namely 
  30 
  in 
  all. 
  

   36 
  of 
  the 
  84 
  species 
  pass 
  to 
  the 
  Middle 
  Lias, 
  or 
  are 
  common 
  to 
  the 
  

   Lower 
  and 
  Middle 
  divisions. 
  20 
  species 
  appear 
  in 
  all 
  three 
  divisions 
  

   of 
  the 
  Lias, 
  and 
  9 
  in 
  the 
  Lower 
  and 
  Upper 
  divisions 
  only. 
  No 
  species 
  

   probably 
  passes 
  to 
  higher 
  strata, 
  although 
  our 
  lists 
  record 
  forms 
  of 
  

   Dentalina 
  (D. 
  communis) 
  as 
  common 
  to 
  the 
  Coral 
  Rag, 
  Kimmeridge, 
  

   and 
  Lias. 
  So 
  also 
  with 
  Marginulina 
  and 
  Polymorpliina 
  ; 
  but 
  these 
  

   are 
  probably 
  doubtful 
  determinations, 
  as 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  appear 
  to 
  occur 
  

   between. 
  Our 
  exact 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  structure 
  and 
  distribution 
  of 
  

   the 
  Liassic 
  species 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  elaborate 
  researches 
  of 
  H. 
  B. 
  Brady, 
  

   Esq., 
  F.R.S., 
  and 
  the 
  industrious 
  collecting 
  of 
  Messrs. 
  Tate 
  and 
  Blake, 
  

   as 
  recorded 
  in 
  their 
  valuable 
  work 
  on 
  the 
  Lias 
  of 
  Yorkshire 
  ; 
  to 
  Dr. 
  

   Carpenter, 
  W. 
  K. 
  Parker, 
  Esq., 
  and 
  Prof. 
  Rupert 
  Jones 
  we 
  are 
  also 
  

   deeply 
  indebted 
  for 
  their 
  exhaustive 
  researches 
  into 
  foraminiferal 
  

   zoology. 
  D'Orbigny, 
  Reuss, 
  Bornem, 
  Terquem, 
  Roinor, 
  and 
  others 
  

   have 
  greatly 
  added 
  to 
  the 
  literature 
  and 
  history 
  of 
  these 
  deep-sea 
  

   forms 
  of 
  life 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  late 
  explorations 
  of 
  the 
  ' 
  Challenger 
  ' 
  have 
  

   shown 
  us 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  paying 
  close 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  minute 
  zoology 
  

   of 
  the 
  sea-bed 
  and 
  its 
  significance 
  in 
  enabling 
  us 
  to 
  determine 
  the 
  

   history 
  of 
  the 
  Eoraminifera 
  and 
  Spongida 
  through 
  space 
  and 
  time. 
  

   Their 
  time-history 
  is 
  a 
  subject 
  of 
  the 
  highest 
  interest 
  and 
  import- 
  

   ance 
  stratigraphically. 
  The 
  Dactyloporidse 
  range 
  from 
  the 
  Trias 
  to 
  

   the 
  seas 
  of 
  today 
  ; 
  the 
  genus 
  Gyropella 
  constitutes 
  vast 
  masses 
  of 
  

   limestone 
  in 
  the 
  Trias 
  of 
  the 
  Bavarian 
  and 
  Tyrolese 
  Alps 
  : 
  Lituola 
  

  

  