﻿16 
  ME. 
  H. 
  T. 
  BROWN 
  ON 
  THE 
  PERMIAN 
  

  

  " 
  fine-grained 
  red 
  and 
  brown 
  sandstones 
  regularly 
  bedded, 
  containing 
  

   no 
  pebbles, 
  and 
  occasionally 
  parted 
  by 
  seams 
  of 
  marl." 
  

  

  Suspicions 
  were 
  aroused 
  in 
  my 
  mind 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  true 
  Permian 
  age 
  of 
  

   these 
  Knowle-Hills 
  sandstones 
  on 
  my 
  earliest 
  acquaintance 
  with 
  

   them 
  ; 
  for 
  whilst 
  they 
  are 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  Memoir 
  as 
  differing 
  in 
  

   general 
  appearance 
  from 
  the 
  sandstones 
  of 
  the 
  Trias, 
  I 
  found, 
  as 
  a 
  

   matter 
  of 
  fact, 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  absolutely 
  impossible 
  to 
  distinguish 
  them 
  

   lithologically 
  from 
  certain 
  Triassic 
  sandstones 
  which 
  I 
  discovered 
  in 
  

   the 
  immediate 
  neighbourhood 
  actually 
  overlying 
  the 
  Bunter 
  Con- 
  

   glomerate. 
  The 
  difficulty 
  in 
  the 
  way 
  of 
  regarding 
  these 
  sandstones 
  

   as 
  Permian 
  was 
  much 
  increased 
  as 
  I 
  became 
  more 
  intimately 
  

   acquainted 
  with 
  the 
  true 
  Permian 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  district 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  

   evident, 
  if 
  Professor 
  Hull's 
  view 
  of 
  their 
  age 
  is 
  correct, 
  that 
  we 
  must 
  

   make 
  the 
  assumption 
  that 
  beds 
  which 
  present 
  certain 
  uniform 
  

   characters 
  throughout 
  the 
  whole 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  coal-field, 
  and 
  for 
  many 
  

   miles 
  to 
  the 
  south, 
  suddenly, 
  and 
  without 
  any 
  apparent 
  transition, 
  

   entirely 
  change 
  their 
  facies 
  within 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  less 
  than 
  two 
  miles. 
  

   Although 
  this 
  assumption 
  seemed 
  an 
  improbable 
  one 
  to 
  make, 
  nothing 
  

   short 
  of 
  a 
  careful 
  re-survey 
  of 
  the 
  neighbourhood 
  could 
  settle 
  the 
  

   matter 
  beyond 
  all 
  doubt. 
  This 
  I 
  have 
  now 
  accomplished, 
  with 
  the 
  

   result 
  indicated 
  in 
  the 
  accompanying 
  map 
  (fig. 
  4), 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  

   reduced 
  from 
  one 
  on 
  the 
  six-inch 
  scale. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  natural 
  exposures 
  within 
  the 
  

   area, 
  but 
  the 
  information 
  obtained 
  from 
  them 
  was 
  supplemented 
  by 
  

   numerous 
  borings, 
  which 
  enable 
  me 
  to 
  claim 
  a 
  degree 
  of 
  accuracy 
  

   for 
  the 
  map 
  which 
  would 
  have 
  been 
  otherwise 
  unattainable. 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  be 
  seen, 
  from 
  the 
  map 
  and 
  section, 
  that 
  the 
  area 
  including 
  

   Knowle 
  Hill 
  and 
  Coppy 
  Hill, 
  within 
  which 
  occur 
  the 
  so-called 
  Per- 
  

   mian 
  sandstones, 
  really 
  consists 
  of 
  an 
  outcrop 
  of 
  Lower 
  Keuper 
  

   overlying 
  Bunter 
  Conglomerate, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  beds 
  owe 
  their 
  present 
  

   position 
  to 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  a 
  trough-fault, 
  which 
  has 
  let 
  them 
  down 
  

   on 
  the 
  east 
  against 
  Coal-measures 
  and 
  Permian 
  Marls, 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  

   south-west 
  against 
  the 
  last-mentioned 
  beds 
  and 
  Bunter 
  Conglomerate. 
  

  

  The 
  intersection 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  arms 
  of 
  the 
  trough-fault 
  is 
  at 
  the 
  

   south 
  end 
  of 
  Robin 
  Wood, 
  one 
  of 
  them 
  running 
  thence 
  towards 
  

   Ingleby, 
  whilst 
  the 
  other 
  passes 
  in 
  a 
  north-westerly 
  direction 
  through 
  

   Seven 
  Spouts. 
  Until 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  these 
  faults 
  was 
  proved, 
  it 
  

   was 
  natural 
  to 
  suppose 
  that 
  the 
  Knowle-Hills 
  sandstones 
  underlay 
  

   the 
  Conglomerates, 
  and 
  consequently 
  it 
  was 
  fair 
  to 
  assume 
  that 
  they 
  

   might 
  be 
  Permian. 
  We 
  now 
  know 
  that 
  they 
  belong 
  to 
  a 
  higher 
  

   horizon 
  *. 
  

  

  The 
  red 
  marls 
  which 
  occur 
  below 
  the 
  Bunter 
  Conglomerate 
  at 
  

   Ingleby, 
  and 
  also 
  those 
  of 
  Gorsty 
  Leys, 
  have 
  all 
  the 
  characters 
  of 
  the 
  

   Permian 
  Marls 
  of 
  the 
  Repton-Rocks 
  district 
  further 
  south, 
  and 
  they 
  

   are 
  doubtless 
  an 
  extension 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  beds. 
  They 
  contain 
  no 
  

   brecciated 
  bands 
  f. 
  

  

  * 
  On 
  the 
  slopes 
  south 
  of 
  Ingleby 
  Hills, 
  during 
  the 
  progress 
  of 
  some 
  excava- 
  

   tions 
  for 
  water-pipes, 
  I 
  found 
  sandstones 
  similar 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  Knowle 
  Hills 
  over- 
  

   lying 
  the 
  Bunter 
  Conglomerate. 
  

  

  t 
  The 
  small 
  patch 
  of 
  Coal-measures 
  in 
  this 
  district 
  consists 
  of 
  clays 
  and 
  

  

  