404 L. MARTIN ^ALASKAN EARTHQUAKES OF 1899 



area affected. The following is a list of the areas affected by some of 

 the larger tectonic earthquakes of historic times : 



Charleston, 1886, about 2,800,000 square miles : 



Felt at La Crosse, Wisconsin, Boston, Massachusetts, Cuba, and Bermuda. Maxi- 

 mum radius of propagation, 700 to 050 miles. 

 Lisbon, 1755, about 2,240.000 square miles r"^ 



Felt in Great Britain, throughout western Europe, and in northern Africa. Maxi- 

 mum radius of propagation, 700 to 1,200 miles. 

 India, 1897 (Assam), about 1,75^0,000 square miles: 



900-mile radius of propagation. 

 Alaska, 1899, about 1,539,000 square miles: 



700 (670 to 780) mile radius of propagation. (Minimum land area, 216,300 

 square, miles ; land and sea area, about 432,500 square miles.) 

 India, 1905 (Kangra), about 1,500,000 square miles. 

 New Madrid, 1811-1812, about 1,250,000 square miles : 



Felt at Charleston, South Carolina, Richmond, Virginia, Washington, District of 

 Columoia, Louisville, Kentucky, Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), Detroit, Fort Dear- 

 born (Chicago), etcetera. 

 Sonora, Mexico, 1887, about 500,000 square miles : 



Felt at Durango, Mexico, Fort Davis, Texas, Las Vegas and Santa Fe, New Mex- 

 ico, Prescott and Yuma, Arizona, and generally within about 400 miles. 

 California, 1906, about 372,700 square miles : 



Felt in Coos Bay. Oregon, Los Angeles, California, and Winnemucca, Nevada. 

 Radius of propagation, 350 to 400 miles. 

 Japan, 1891, about 330,000 square miles : 



Radius of propagation, 323 miles. 



Riviera, 1887, about 219,000 square miles : 



Radius of propagation, 264 miles. 



In connection with the Yakutat Ba}^, Alaska, earthquakes of Septem- 

 ber, 1899, there were physical changes, including submergence, as in the 

 Indian earthquake of 1819 and the Jamaica earthquakes of 1692 and 

 1907. There was elevation, proved by uplifted heaches, cliffs, sea caves, 

 and marine animals attached to the rocks, as in Darwin's South American 

 earthquakes of 1822, 1835, and 1839. No other historic earthquake 

 beside that of Alaska reveals an uplift of as much as 47-J feet at one time. 

 There were new reefs, as in the New Zealand earthquake of 1855. There 

 was surface faulting, as in the Calabrian earthquake of 1783, the New 

 Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812, the Owens Valley earthquake of 1872, 

 the Mexican earthquake of 1887, the Japanese earthquake of 1891, the 

 earthquake of 1896 in Iceland, the Indian earthquakes of 1897 and 1905, 

 and the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. There was disturbance of 

 surface and underground drainage, with formation of sand vents and 

 craterlets, as in the Charleston earthquake of 1886, as well as several 

 listed above. There were destructive water waves, or tsunami, as in the 

 Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the Japanese earthquake of 1896, and others. 



1" Perhaps 500,000 square miles less ; Oldham (Memoirs, Geol. Survey of India, xxix, 

 1899, p. 376) says perhaps only 1,000,000 square miles. 



