THE CENOZOIC BRACHIOPOD TEREBRATULA 



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Fig. 5 Location map, geological map and stratigraphic column for the Andria region, Puglia, Italy. A, alluvial deposits (Holocene); B, terraced alluvial 

 deposits (Pleistocene); C, terraced marine deposits (Pleistocene); D, Calcarenite di Gravina Formation (Upper Pliocene); E, Calcare di Bari Formation 

 (Lower Cretaceous): F, Colonna's locality; G, outcrop from which the neotype of Terebratula was collected (see stratigraphic column). 1, Pectinidae; 2, 

 Veneridae; 3, gastropods; 4, brachiopods; 5, echinoids; 6, calcareous algae; 7, oysters; 8, bioturbations; 9, mud pebbles; 10, fine calcarenite; 11, coarse 

 calcarenite. 



with fine radial capillae; loop short, triangular; outer hinge plates 

 usually concave or flat, commonly attached to dorsal edge of crural 

 base, inner hinge plates rarely developed. 



Subfamily Terebratulinae Gray, 1840 

 Genus TEREBRATULA Muller, 1776: 249 



Diagnosis. Medium to large, subpentagonal to broadly oval, 

 smooth; anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or 

 sulciplicate; beak short, erect; foramen large, symphytium partly 

 visible. Pedicle collar short; cardinal process flat and semielliptical 

 to a thickened boss; outer hinge plates narrow or lacking; crural 

 processes may be long; loop short, broadly triangular; transverse 

 band narrow, forming a low arch. 



Type species. Anomia terebratula Linnaeus, 1758, by the subse- 

 quent designation of Lamarck (1799: 89). 



Geographic range. Italy, Sicily, Malta, Spain, Algeria. 



Stratigraphic range. Miocene - Early Pleistocene. 



Remarks. The great majority of the thousand or more specific 

 names attributed to Terebratula have long been accommodated in 

 other genera. However, although T. terebratula is the oldest available 

 name for the medium to large, smooth, short-looped Miocene - 

 Pleistocene terebratulids from Italy and the circum-Mediterranean 

 region, it has rarely been used in the literature or in identification of 

 specimens for the reasons outlined above. This is due mainly to the 



uncertainties surrounding the identity, age and type locality of the 

 Colonna specimen. The Colonna work is rare, and no translation has 

 hitherto been available. Secondly, there was doubt as to the correct 

 type species for the genus. 



Gaetani & Sacca (1985), in a paper dealing with systematics and 

 shell structure of brachiopods of Miocene - Pleistocene age from 

 southern Italy, commentedon the problem of recognising Trerei'rarw/a. 

 They concluded that there were two valid species: Terebratula sinuosa 

 (Brocchi) and T. calabra Seguenza which were restricted to the Upper 

 Miocene and Pliocene respectively. Cooper (1983) identified large 

 sulciplicate specimens of Pliocene age from Monte Mario, Rome, as T. 

 ampulla. Other authors (Taddei Ruggiero, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1996) 

 have identified large, shellbed-forming Pleistocene specimens as T. 

 scillae Seguenza. Until variation within large populations of the 

 species placed in Terebratula has been studied, we are able to recognise 

 only three valid species of Terebratula - T terebratula (Linnaeus, 

 1758), 7^ am/7H//fl (Brocchi, 18 14) and 7i ir/Z/oe Seguenza, 1871. 



Terebratula terebratula (Linnaeus, 1758) 



\15% Anomia terebratula Linnaeus: 703. 



Figs 6-9 



Synonyms 



1. Anomia sinuosa Brocchi, 1814: 468, is an objective synonym 

 because Brocchi gave no figure, but referred to "Column. 22, 

 f. r, which is the holotype of Anomia terebratula. 



2. Terebratula calabra Seguenza, 1871: 64 



3. Terebratula costae Seguenza., 1871: 67; Taddei Ruggiero, 1994: 

 206. 



