COUGH'S CAVE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMBS 



99 



SCAPULAR REMAINS 



Only the right-side scapula is preserved (Fig. 3). The bone is largely 

 complete, lacking only the superior angle (including some of the 

 body on the M. supraspinatiis surface) and vertebral border (and the 

 adjacent 1-1. 5cm of the body) from just distal of the root of the spine 

 to the inferior angle. Scapular metrics are provided in Tables 4 and 5. 



All of the observable secondary centres of ossification are fully 

 fused and the epiphyseal lines are obliterated. These include the 

 subcoracoid centre, the infraglenoid centre, the acromial centre, and 

 the vertebral border centre ( at least at the root of the spine - the only 

 place this centre can be evaluated). It is possible that the vertebral 

 border - inferior angle centre of ossification was not fully fused 

 along its entire length, and that the preserved portion of the inferior 

 angle represents an epiphyseal surface. Reconstructive materials 

 obscure observation of the inferior angle, making evaluation of the 

 state of fusion of the growth centre difficult. 



The glenoid fossa is piriform (pear shaped) and has a very strong 

 dorsal orientation. The dorsal margin of the articular surface rounds 

 off onto the base along the dorsal edge, especially on the dorsoinferior 

 margin. The articular surface of the glenoid fossa is irregular but 

 there does not appear to be a central pit (McCown & Keith, 1939) 

 (again, reconstructive materials obscure the articular morphology). 

 The attachment for the glenoid labrum can be made out along the 

 ventral margin of the articular surface, but disappears along the 

 dorsal edge where the articular surface rounds off onto the base. 



The infraglenoid tubercle begins as a very large attachment area 

 on the dorsoinferior edge and dorsal part of the inferior edge of the 

 glenoid. The tubercle is very large and elongated superoinferiorly 

 (extending 32.6mm below the inferior margin of the glenoid fossa). 

 The surface of the infraglenoid tubercle itself is finely rugose. The 

 axillary crest (the attachment site for the fascia separating M. sub- 

 scapularis and M. teres minor) is blunt and rounded, and runs along 

 the dorsal portion of the axillary border for most of its length 

 (Fig. 3b). At the distal end of the inferior M. teres minor attachment 

 area the axillary crest veers dorsally and forms a rather strong crest 

 on the dorsolateral edge of the axillary border. This morphology 



Table 4 Dimensions (mm) of the Gough's Cave 1 right scapula. 



Morphological length (M-2) 

 Infraspinatus breadth (M-5a) 

 Basal spinous length (M-8) 

 Spino-acromial length" 

 Spinal thickness'' 

 Acromio-glenoid distance' 

 Axillary border length (M-3) 

 Functional axillary border length'' 

 Mid-axillary border thickness^ 

 Spino-glenoid angle (M-22) 

 Axillo-glenoid angle (M-17) 

 Axillo-spinal angle (M-16) 

 Glenoid maximum length (M-12) 

 Glenoid maximum breadth (M-13) 

 Glenoid articular length' 

 Glenoid articular breadth' 



100.0 



124.0 



79.4 



130.0 



11.5 



45.4 



126.6 



139.0 



12.5 



86° 



35° 



60° 



38.0 



26.1 



34.7 



24.8 



Martin numbers (M=#: Martin. 1928) for measurements are provided where 



appropriate. 



" vertebral border at the spine to the tip of the acromion. 



' maximum superoinferior thickness along the middle of the spine. 



' center of glenoid fossa to the tip of the acromion. 



''center of glenoid fossa to the most caudal point on the inferior angle. 



'■ dorsoventral diameter of the mid-axillary border, including dorsal and ventral 



pillars as present. 



' glenoid fossa length and breadth taken across the internal margins of the glenoid 



labrum attachment. 



suggests that the M. siibscapidaris extended dorsally around the 

 axillary border and had some fibres attached to the dorsal side of the 

 lateral edge of the scapula at this level. The dorsal pillar (see 

 Churchill, 1994) is laterally placed (running along the lateral-most 

 edge of the axillary border) and well developed, and forms a deep 

 sulcus on the body just medial of the pillar. The ventral pillar is 

 medially positioned and is very strong, leaving a long, wide and 

 shallow sulcus on the ventral aspect of the axillary border. Gough's 

 Cave I's scapular axillary border thus presents a ventral sulcus 

 morphology similar to that seen in high frequencies in recent sam- 

 ples of European (and European-descent) populations (Trinkaus, 

 1977; Frayer, 1992; Churchill, 1996). On the dorsal aspect of the 

 axillary border, there is what appears to be a vascular groove separat- 

 ing the infraglenoid tubercle and the superior portion of the attachment 

 area for A/, teres minor. This groove may indicate an accessory artery 

 in the scapular anastomotic complex, one arising either from the root 

 of the subscapular artery or perhaps stemming directly from the 

 axillary artery. The groove for the circumflex scapular artery can be 

 seen clearly dividing the M. teres minor origin further distally on the 

 border. The M. teres minor attachment areas are poorly defined, the 

 superior attachment area is not flattened and neither area is rugose. 

 There is a small lateral flange for M. teres major and some flattening 

 of the distal end of the axillary border. 



There is little-to-no curvature of the body of the scapula. With the 

 scapula held in anatomical position, the lateral edge of the acromion 

 is broad dorsoventrally (measuring 49mm). The lateral edge of the 

 acromion bears a rugose strip for the attachment of M. deltoideus 

 along its entire length. The superior/dorsal surface of the spine is 

 sinuous. The M. trapezius insertion area is not rugose. On the 

 coracoid process, the lateral edge bears two small depressions with 

 small crests for the M. coracobrachialis and M. biceps brachii short 

 head attachments. The scapular notch is relatively broad. 



HUMERAL REMAINS 



Both humeri are virtually complete (Figs 4, 5). The right-side has 

 some damage to the dorsal surface of the head and this area is filled 

 in with plaster. The left-side has some erosion to the medial surface 

 of the head and what appears to be an erosional defect on the 

 superoventral surface of the trochlea (see below). Otherwise, the two 

 bones are very well preserved. 



There is a very slight trace of an epiphyseal line on the anterior and 

 medial surfaces of the proximal metaphysis just below the lesser 

 tubercle and the articular surface of the head. The line is more 

 apparent on the right humerus than on the left. On both humeri the 

 line is largely obliterated on the dorsal and lateral surfaces. Even 

 though the line is visible, the head is fully fused and the lines are near 

 obliteration. Distally, the distal epiphyses and the medial epicondyle 

 secondary centres of ossification are fully fused and the lines oblit- 

 erated on both humeri. 



The two sides are largely symmetrical with respect to size, 

 robusticity and most details of morphology (Table 6). Although both 

 humeri are similar in size and rugosity of muscle markings, the left- 

 side seems to be the generally more muscle marked of the two. The 

 humeri are not markedly robust. There is no notable curvature to the 

 diaphyses in any plane. The deltoid tuberosities are neither large nor 

 projecting, such that the diaphyses are of uniform dimension (save 

 for a slight swelling at the deltoid tuberosity) along the shaft from 

 every perspective. The head of the right humerus is dorsomedially 

 directed (producing a torsion angle of 1 4 1 ° ), while the left has a more 

 medially oriented head (torsion angle = 166°). 



