COUGH'S CAVE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMBS 

 Table 6 Dimensions (mm) of the Cough's Cave 1 humeri. 



Right 



Left 



Maximum length (M- 1 ) 



Articular length (M-2) 



Midshaft maximum diameter (M-5) 



Midshaft minimum diameter (M-6) 



Midshaft circumference (M-7a) 



Distal minimum circumference (M-7) 



Head anteroposterior diameter (M-IO) 



Epicondylar breadth (M-4) 



Distal articular breadth (M-12a) 



Capitular breadth (M- 1 2 ) 



Trochlear breadth (M-11) 



Trochlear max. anteroposterior diam.(M- 13) 



Medial epicondyle projection' 



Lateral epicondyle projection'' 



Olecranon fossa breadth (M-14) 



Olecranon fossa depth (M-15) 



M. peclomlis major sulcus breadth' 



Deltoid tuberosity width'' 



Deltoid tuberosity circumference" 



Cubital angle (M- 16) 



Torsion angle (M-18) 



322 



322 



316 



318 



22.2 



21.9 



17.0 



15.2 



65 



63 



62 



61 



(40.2) 



40.1 



58.0 



57.5 



43.0 



43.0 



21.0 



19.0 



20.2 



21,1 



24.9 



23.9 



18.3 



16.7 



19.7 



20.1 



23.8 



23.9 



12.2 



12.2 



5.9 



5.6 



11.5 



13.3 



68 



64 



113° 



101° 



i4r 



166° 



Martin numbers (M-#: Martin, 1928) for measurements are provided where 



appropriate. 



' medial trochlear margin to the most projecting portion of the epicondyle, 



'' lateral trochlear margin to the most projecting tip of the epicondyle, 



' maximum breadth (mediolateral) of the middle of the muscle insertion area, 



'' distance between the apices of the delimiting crests of the tuberosity taken at 5/1 2's 



of humeral maximum length, following Endo ( 1 97 1 ), 



' shaft circumference taken at 5/1 2's of humeral maximum length, following Endo 



(1971). 



('enthesopathy': Dutour, 1986; Hawkey & Merbs, 1995) in the 

 anterior crest of the deltoid just inferior of this depression. A similar 

 but smaller projection can be seen at the same location on the left- 

 side. The deltoid tuberosities are narrow in anterolateral view and are 

 two-crested on both humeri. The posterior crest on the left humerus 



101 



is more rugose than the posterior crest on the right humerus (the 

 right-side crest is very mildly rugose). 



The other muscle attachment areas on the shaft are non-rugose 

 (including M. brachialis. and the medial and lateral heads of M. 

 triceps brachii). There is some slight rugosity along the M. coraco- 

 brachialis insertions on both humeri. 



Distally, the medial epicondyles are very large in superoinferior 

 dimension but do not project very far mediolaterally, giving them a 

 squat appearance. Both medial epicondyles present smooth but 

 irregular surfaces where the common flexor tendon attaches. On the 

 left-side there is a distinct crest on the anterosuperior edge of the 

 attachment area, between the medial epicondyle proper and the shaft 

 of the humerus. No such crest is apparent on the right-side. The 

 lateral supracondylar ridges also seem well developed. The common 

 extensor tendon origins are represented by small, smooth areas, and 

 the M. anconeus origins are represented on both sides by smooth, 

 thin semi-circular ridges that do not join the common extensor 

 attachment areas. 



The distal articular surfaces are relatively small, and have deep 

 medial and lateral grooves. The lateral grooves (separating the 

 lateral trochlear margin from the capitulum) are very wide and 

 distinct. The capituUae are very small superoinferioriy and are 

 slightly indented on their inferolateral surfaces, giving them a slightly 

 laterally pointed appearance in anterior view. The left trochlea has an 

 oval eroded patch (measuring 13mm mediolaterally by 9.5mm 

 superoinferioriy) on its anterosuperior surface. This appears to be 

 post-mortem in nature, and there is no corresponding defect on the 

 left ulna, ruling out osteoarthritic ebumation. No other signs of 

 degeneration are present on the distal articulations. 



From the dorsal perspective, the distal medial pillars are relatively 

 broad. The lateral pillars are also broad, and the surfaces behind the 

 capitullae are flat and at angles of ca. 145° to the dorsal surfaces of 

 the lateral pillars. The olecranon fossae are relatively small but deep. 



Comparative data on other late Pleistocene/early Holocene human 

 humeri are provided in Tables 7 and 8. 



Table 7 Comparative humeral osteometries (mean, SD, n). 



Cough's Cave 



LUP/Meso 6 



LUP/Meso 5 



Right humeri 

 Maximum length' 

 Midshaft maximum diameter 

 Midshaft minimum diameter 

 Distal minimum circumference 

 Head anteroposterior diameter 

 Epicondylar breadth 

 Distal articular breadth 

 Deltoid tuberosity width 

 Deltoid tuberosity circumference 



Left humeri 

 Maximum length" 

 Midshaft maximum diameter 

 Midshaft minimum diameter 

 Distal minimum circumference 

 Head anteroposterior diameter 

 Epicondylar breadth 

 Distal articular breadth 

 Deltoid tuberosity width 

 Deltoid tuberosity circumference 



322 

 22.2 

 17.0 

 62 



(40.2) 

 58.0 

 43.0 

 11.5 



322 

 21,9 

 15,2 

 61 



40.1 

 57.5 

 43.0 

 13.3 

 64 



307.3, 12.9, 17 

 23.9,1.8, 17 

 17.7, 1.0. 17 

 64.1,4.1, 18 

 43.6, 2.8, 13 

 61.9,2.2,16 

 42.8,2.4, 16 



17.2.2.8, 17 



71.5.3.9, 16 



313.4, 12,1, 12 

 23,4,2.5, 13 

 17.0,2.0, 14 

 62.7,5.7, 12 

 43.1. 1.6. 14 

 61.1,3.1, 11 

 43.2,2.1, 10 

 16.9,3.4,13 

 69.5.6.7. 13 



287.0, 13.7,9 

 20.7, 1.8, 10 

 15.4 1.6,10 

 55.3,5.2,9 

 37.8,3.2.7 

 56.4, 2.9, 4 

 39.2 4.3,7 

 13.8,2.2, 11 

 62.5,4.4, 11 



287.4, 7.5, 10 

 20.2, 1.2,9 



15.8, 1.0,9 



55.9. 2.6, 8 

 39.2,1.5,5 

 54.7, 1.8,7 

 38,5, 2.5, 7 

 13.6,2.3. 10 

 59,7,3,8, 10 



All measurements are in millimeters and are defined in Table 6, 

 ' includes estimated lengths for some comparative specimens 



