102 



S.E. CHURCHILL 



Table 8 Mid-shaft humeral cross-sectional properties, standardized-' (mean. SD). 



Gough's Cave 1 



LUP/Meso 6 

 (n=17) 



LUP/Meso 9 

 (n=IO) 



Right humeri 



Total area (TA) 



Cortical area (CA) 



Medullary area (MA) 



ML 2nd moment of area (I^) 



AP 2nd moment of area (I ) 



Maximum 2nd moment ot area (I,^^^) 



Minimum 2nd moment of area (I^,,,) 



Polar moment of area (J) 



Percent cortical area (%CA) 



I/I 



Left humeri 



Total area (TA) 



Cortical area (CA) 



Medullary area (MA) 



ML 2nd moment of area (I^) 



DV 2nd moment of area (I ) 

 y 

 Maximum 2nd moment of area (I^^^^) 



Minimum 2nd moment of area (I^^^j 



Polar moment of area (J) 



Percent cortical area (%CA) 



I/I 



\ )l 



307.3 



221.1 



86.2 



682.6 



783.9 



952.4 



514.1 



1466.5 



71.9 



0.871 



1.853 



271.1 



180.2 



90.9 



452.3 



649.0 



723.9 



377.4 



1101.3 



66.5 



0.697 



1.918 



363.2,59.4 



260.8,52.1 



102.4,32.5 



955.0, 296.5 



1104.0,404.6 



1241.1,487.1 



718.5,232.8 



2059.1,684.7 



71.7.8.0 



0.893,0.132 



1.712,0.313 



(n=12) 

 350.3,59.9 

 253.4,53.6 

 96.8, 29.3 

 832.2,251.9 

 1106.7,423.3 

 1313.3,412.9 

 730.0, 246.7 

 1938.8,659.3 

 72.2, 7.3 

 0.803,0.201 

 1.837,0.318 



314.7.36.0 

 224.4. 43.2 

 90.2. 26.2 

 789.7. 192.7 

 750.1.207.5 

 1048.9.292.4 

 531.2. 153.7 

 1539.8.384.5 

 70.2. 8.3 

 1.079.0.168 

 1.901,0.426 



(n=9) 

 297.7, 32.0 

 207.0. 32.6 

 90.7.33.9 

 659.2. 145.2 

 662.0, 152.4 

 811.6. 187.8 

 473.5,91.8 

 1321.2,275.9 

 71.2, 10.7 

 1.006,0.184 

 1.695,0.136 



See text for definition of measurements. 



" Cross-sectional strength measures standardized to humeral articular length (HAL). Areal measures (TA, CA and MA) were divided by HAL- and multiplied by 10'. 2nd 



moments of area (1,1,1 , 1 , J) were divided by HAL''and multiplied by 10'. 



Table 9 Dimensions (mm) of the Gough's Cave 1 ulnae. 



ULNAR REMAINS 



Measurement 



Maximum length (M- 1 ) 



Articular length (M-2) 



Olecranon length (M-8) 



Olecranon height (M-7) 



Olecranon breadth (M-6) 



Trochlear notch chord (M-7( 1 )) 



Coronoid height" 



Radial facet maximum diameter'' 



Radial facet minimum diameter'' 



Coronal trochlear angle (M-15) 



Diaphyseal sagittal trochlear angle (M-15a) 



Proximal anteroposterior diameter' 



Proximal transverse diameter^ 



Proximal circumference' 



Crest anteroposterior diameter (M-1 1 ) 



Crest mediolateral diameter (M-1 2) 



Midshaft anteroposterior diameter 



Midshaft mediolateral diameter 



Midshaft circumference 



Distal minimum circumference (M-3) 



Pronator quadratus crest maximum diameter^ 



Pronator quadratus crest minimum diameter^ 



Pronator quadratus circumference'' 



Head breadth' 



Right 



Left 



- 



(270) 



- 



250 



14.8 



- 



27.7 



- 



24.0 



- 



23.5 



- 



36.3 



34.9 



19.9 



18.3 



10.9 



10.6 



14° 



- 



21° 



- 



18.3 



18.4 



18.8 



18.7 



51 



49 



15.3 



13.7 



14.3 



15.0 



12.2 



12.2 



- 



13.2 



- 



42 



37 



_ 



12.8 



- 



10.6 



- 



38 



- 



16.9 



17.0 



Martin numbers (M-#: Martin. 1928) for measurements are provided where 



appropriate. 



' maximum anteroposterior diameter from the dorsal surface of the bone to the 



anterior tip of the coronoid process (McHenry el al.. 1976). 



" maximum and minimum diameters of the articular facet for the radial head. 



' taken at the level of the distal border of the ulnar tuberosity (McHenry a al.. 



1976). 



'' shaft maximum and minimum diameters and circumference al the most projecting 



portion of the pronator quadratus crest. 



'mediolateral diameter of the ulnar head. 



Both ulnae are largely complete (Figs 6. 7. Table 9). The right-side is 

 somewhat better preserved than the left, but is missing a 4cm portion 

 of the diaphysis from about midshaft distally. This area has been 

 reconstructed in plaster. With the exception of the missing diaphy- 

 seal fragment, the bone is complete. The left-side is missing the 

 anterior half of the olecranon process (from the anterior edge of the 

 M. triceps brachii insertion), including some of the olecranon articu- 

 lar surface in the trochlear notch. There is also some damage to the 

 surface of the left-side distal shaft in the region of the M. pronator 

 quadratus crest. Otherwise, the bone is very well preserved. 



The proximal and distal epiphyses are fully fused. The left-side 

 ulna has a closed but still (barely ) visible epiphyseal line between the 

 head and shaft. All of the other epiphyseal lines are fully obliterated. 



Both ulnae are of moderate robusticity (Tables 10 and 1 1). The 

 right-side shaft has a lateral curve to the distal end (as seen in volar 

 view), beginning in the area around the M. pronator quadratus crest. 

 The left-side diaphysis is straight, but has had some damage to and 

 refitting of the distal end, perhaps affecting the appearance of distal 

 shaft. The shafts are also straight in lateral view. 



The trochlear notch on the right-side (the left is damaged) opens 

 anteroproximally (Fig. 8). Neither side has a very marked separation 

 (as either a crest or sulcus) between the coronoid and olecranon 

 articular surfaces in the notch, nor does either side express a sagit- 

 tally oriented crest in the notch. There is no evidence of degenerative 

 changes to the trochlear or radial notches of either side. The radial 

 notches are relatively large, and are oriented superolaterally. 



The M. triceps brachii insertion on the olecranon process is mildly 

 rugose (on the right ulna, this region can't be fully evaluated in the 

 left), with vertical striations on the posterior edge of the olecranon 

 but no spurring or indications of musculoskeletal stress lesions. The 



