GOUGH'S CAVE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMBS 



107 



A similar consideration of Cough's Cave 1 's left clavicle shows it 

 to be relatively gracile, at least in cross-sectional measures of strength 

 (Table 3) if not in external dimensions (Table 2). Bilateral asymme- 

 try in upper limb strength measures is certainly to be expected (see 

 Churchill, 1994), and the degree of asymmetry seen here is not likely 

 to be outside the range observed in fossil and recent, moderately to 

 highly active foragers. What is curious about Cough's Cave 1 is the 

 robusticity of the right clavicle in the context of an otherwise 

 relatively gracile upper limb skeleton. 



Cough's Cave 1 "s right clavicle has an lyi ratio that is above but 

 within one standard deviation of the male comparative sample mean 

 (yet below the mean of females: Table 3), yet has an I , /I ratio 

 considerably higher than the mean of the comparative samples. The 

 angle formed between the plane of greatest bending rigidity and the 

 dorsoventral plane passing through the centre of the section is 130° 

 in the Cough's Cave 1 right clavicle, indicating an adaptation to 

 bending in the superodorsal to inferoventral direction (i.e., about an 

 inferodorsal to superoventral axis). This might suggest an habitual 

 generation of dorsoventrally oriented forces operating on the clavi- 

 cle during full abduction of the humerus (in which scapular rotation 

 on the thorax necessitates conjunct posterior axial rotation of the 

 clavicle, bringing the superodorsal-inferoventral axis of the bone 

 into the transverse plane of the body). While it is the case that the 

 muscle scars for M. deltoideus, the major abductor of the humerus, 

 are rugose on the clavicle (at least on the left side, this region is 

 damaged in the right), scapulae and humeri, it is also the case that the 

 humeral deltoid tuberosities are weakly developed. This, combined 

 with the overall gracility of the other upper limb bones, makes it 

 difficult to imagine a behavior pattern that could differentially load 

 the clavicle more than the other bones of the limb. The asymmetry 

 evident in the claviculae is also not apparent in the other upper limb 

 remains (and in fact the reverse pattern is seen in the radii, with the 

 left being slightly more robust than the right). 



Actions involving forceful right-side scapular abduction (as in 

 pushing on a heavy object with the arms abducted and flexed, that is, 

 out in front of the body) or adduction (as in forcefully pulling 

 something using motion at the shoulder) would be expected to 

 generate bending moments in the transverse plane of the clavicle. 

 However, such movements would also be expected to create bending 

 stresses in the arm and forearm. Thus if Cough's Cave 1 were 

 routinely engaged in an activity requiring forceful pulling or pushing 

 with one limb (perhaps involving woodworking in the manufacture 

 of tools, or perhaps trap setting), we would expect a marked degree 

 of right-left asymmetry in bone strength and muscle scarring in the 

 upper limbs overall. Occupationally induced habitual heavy loading 

 of the bones and joints of the upper limb is known to promote 

 clavicular robusticity. For example. Lane (1887) reported marked 

 robusticity in the lateral half of the clavicle in milkmen that routinely 

 carried heavy milk pails with their arms by their sides. While 

 observations like this support the possibility that the robusticity of 

 the Couch's Cave 1 right clavicle reflects habitual labor induced 

 ('occupational') loads, the nature of the robusticty (both in terms of 

 bone shape and the observed asymmetry) and the lack of associated 

 degenerative changes to the clavicular joints does not fit with known 

 patterns of occupational changes to upper limb morphology (re- 

 viewed in Kennedy, 1989). Thus the behavior patterns that produced 

 this morphology in Cheddar Man remain, for the time being, un- 

 known. 



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