S.E. CHURCHILL AND T.W. HOLLIDAY 



lamina with the inferior articular facet, spinous process (with the 

 posterior tubercle missing), and the right side lamina with the 

 transverse process and superior and inferior articular facets. 



Thoracic vertebra 4 



This vertebra is complete except for the posterior half of the spinous 

 process and the left side transverse process (Fig. 2). The superior and 

 inferior surfaces of the body are obscured by reconstructive materials. 

 The dorsal and ventral supero-inferior heights of the body are 

 equal in this vertebra (Table 2). As with all of the thoracic vertebrae, 

 the corpus has a greater transverse than dorso-ventral diameter 

 (although the difference is not as great as that seen in the preserved 

 [sixth or seventh] cervical vertebra). The dimensions of the spinal 

 canal are equal in the transverse and dorso-ventral directions. 



Thoracic vertebra 5 (figs 2, 3) 



The fifth thoracic vertebra is complete except for most of the spinous 

 process, the dorsolateral surface of the right transverse process, and 

 the lateral end of the left transverse process (Fig. 3) 



As with the fourth thoracic vertebra, the dorsal and ventral supero- 

 inferior heights of the body are equal (Table 2). The dimensions of 

 the spinal canal are equal in the transverse and dorso-ventral direc- 

 tions. 



Thoracic vertebra 6 



This vertebra is complete except for the lateral ends of both trans- 

 verse processes (Fig. 2). This specimen is attached to the seventh 

 thoracic vertebra inferiorly, and has reconstructive materials adher- 

 ent to the superior surface of the body. 



The spinous process is infero-dorsally oriented (Table 2). The 

 transverse diameter of the spinal canal is slightly greater than the 

 dorso-ventral diameter in this element. 



Thoracic vertebra 7 



This element is complete except for the very tip of the spinous 

 process and the lateral end of the right transverse process. This 

 vertebra is affixed to the sixth thoracic vertebra superiorly and the 

 inferior surface of the corpus is obscured by reconstructive material. 

 The spinous process is strongly angled inferiorly (Table 2), and 

 the transverse and dorso-ventral diameters of the body are sub-equal 

 (with the transverse dimension being slightly larger). 



Thoracic vertebra 8 (figs 2, 4) 



This vertebra is mostly complete, lacking only the left side inferior 

 costal facet (on the body), the right transverse process, the left 

 inferior articular facet, and most of the spinous process (Fig. 4). The 

 neural arch is cracked in several places and reconstructed. 



The dorsal supero-inferior height of the corpus is slightly greater 

 than that of the ventral body (Table 2). The transverse and sagittal 

 dimensions of the spinal canal are roughly equal in this vertebra. 



Thoracic vertebra 9 



The ninth thoracic vertebra is complete except for the end of the 

 spinous process. The neural arch is broken off through both pedicles 

 and has been reconstructed. This vertebra is attached to the tenth 

 thoracic vertebra inferiorly and the superior surface of the corpus is 

 covered by reconstructive material. 



The spinal canal of this vertebra shows an expansion of the 

 transverse diameter and a diminution of the dorso-ventral diameter 

 of the spinal canal relative to that of the suprajacent vertebra (Table 

 2). 



Thoracic vertebra 10 



This vertebra is complete, but displays some slight damage to the 

 right side inferolateral edge of the body. This specimen is attached to 

 the ninth thoracic vertebra superiorly. 



Fig. 4 Gough's Cave 

 4c, inferior; x 1 . 



eighth thoracic vertebra. 4a, superior; 4b, lateral; 



The spinous process is infero-dorsally directed, and is not as 

 sharply inferiorly angled as that of the seventh thoracic vertebra 

 (Table 2). 



Thoracic vertebra 1 1 



The eleventh thoracic vertebra is complete except for the very tip of 

 the spinous process. The vertebra has some slight erosion to the 

 inferior left side of the ventral surface of the corpus. The tip of the 

 spinous process appears to be unfused. It is affixed to the twelfth 

 thoracic vertebra inferiorly. 



The specimen exhibits slight anterior wedging of its body. The 



