S.E. CHURCHILL AND T.W. HOLLIDAY 



The spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are 

 unremarkable and not particularly robust, similar to the condition 

 observed in the Teviec skeletons (Boule and Vallois, 1937). The 

 transverse processes of the lower thoracic vertebrae are, however, 

 relatively large and robust. The insertion areas for the levator costae 

 muscles and costotransverse ligaments tend to be well marked on the 

 ribs (see below), suggesting some overall robusticity in the thorax of 

 Cheddar Man (at least with respect to muscles and structures import- 

 ant in respiration). The inferior demi-facets for the rib heads on the 

 centra are quite large in most of the thoracic vertebrae, and tend to 

 form laterally-projecting tubercles with inferiorly directed articular 

 surfaces. The flattening of the left side ventral bodies that usually 

 occurs in thoracic vertebrae 5-8 (from pressure from the aorta) is 

 only slightly apparent in Gough's Cave 1 . 



COSTAL REMAINS (FIG. 7) 



Descriptions 



Rib 2 



The right second rib is preserved as a 78.8 mm-long fragment from 



the neck just proximal of the tubercle to the region of the proximal 



end of the M. serratus anterior tubercle (the proximal part of the 

 tubercle is apparent). The left second rib is preserved as a 95.9 mm- 

 long fragment from mid-neck to just distal of the M. serratus 

 anterior tubercle, and the superior surface of the distal half of the 

 fragment is covered with a thin layer of matrix (Fig. 7). 



The right-side rib has a well developed crest for M. scalenus 

 posterior and a distinct groove on the external edge of the inferior 

 surface for the intercostal muscles and membranes. The M. scale- 

 nus posterior crest is not as strongly developed on the left-side rib 

 (although the difference is slight), but the region just internal of 

 the crest (on the superior surface) is more rugose. The M. serratus 

 anterior crest on the left rib is very weakly developed. A piece of 

 the superior surface of the shaft of this rib is missing in the region 

 of the proximal tubercle, and the rest of the tubercle is covered by 

 thin matrix, but it is clear nonetheless that the tubercle is not 

 large. The left rib also displays a distinct groove on the external 

 edge of the inferior surface for the intercostal muscles and 

 membranes, but it is not as well defined as on the right side rib. 

 The non-articular tubercles are relatively slight, with the one on 

 the left rib being slightly larger. The articular facets (measuring 

 10.2 mm proximodistally (PD) by 6.1 mm supero-inferiorly (SI) 

 on the right and 9.1 PD by 6.3 SI on the left) are dorsoinferiorly 

 directed. 



Fig. 7 Gough's Cave 

 of the photograph. 



ribs in superior view; x 0.43. The ribs are arranged in sequential order with the second ribs at the top and right-side ribs to the right 



