GOUGH'S CAVE AXIAL SKELETON 



11 



inferior height of the body is 14.4 mm. Based on the size and shape 

 of the fragment, it appears to be part of an upper rib. 



Morphology 



The overall size (Tables 6-8), shape, robusticity and muscularity of 

 the Gough's Cave 1 ribs fall within the range of variation of recent 

 human samples. In terms of rib shaft height and thickness the 

 Gough's Cave 1 ribs generally fall within one standard deviation of 

 the mean values obtained in the comparative sample (Table 9). Rib 

 shaft shape, as measured by the ratio of thickness to height, is also 

 generally within one standard deviation of the Euro American means. 

 The notable exceptions concern the fourth and eighth ribs, both of 

 which are markedly shorter in the supero-inferior dimension, result- 

 ing in shaft shape ratios that are elevated (indicating a 'rounder' shaft 

 cross-section) relative to the comparative sample. 



The M. iliocostalis lines are generally poorly marked in the entire 

 series of ribs. Other muscle markings and ligamentous insertions 

 tend to be more pronounced. Most of the ribs exhibit a distinct crest 

 for M. levator costae and clear attachment areas for the superior 

 costotransverse ligament. However, the insertions on the external 

 surfaces of the rib necks for the costotransverse ligaments are not 

 pronounced, and, with the exception of the fifth rib, the non-articular 

 tubercles (upon which the lateral costotransverse ligaments attach) 

 are slight. Evidence of expanded accessory or radiate ligaments can 

 be seen in several of the ribs. The subcostal grooves tend to be 

 weakly developed in the upper ribs of the series, but are distinct in the 

 middle ribs. The insertion sites of the intercostal muscles are well 

 defined in a number of the ribs. The insertion of M. scalenus 

 posterior is evident in both second ribs, yet the M. serratus anterior 



Table 9 Rib shaft dimensions (mm) in Gough's Cave 1 and recent 

 European-American males (mean, SD). 







EuroAmerican Males 



RIB 



Gough's Cave 1 



(n = 20) 



2 Thickness 



(11.7)' 



12.7 ± 1.1 



Height 



(7.1) 1 



7.3 ±0.8 



T/H ratio 



1.65 



1.73 ±0.2 



3 Thickness 



8.3 



7.8 ±1.1 



Height 



11.7 



11.2± 1.7 



T/H ratio 



0.71 



0.71 ±0.1 



4 Thickness 



8.1 



8.6 ±0.9 



Height 



7.7 



11.7 ± 1.9 



T/H ratio 



1.05 



0.74 ±0.1 



5 Thickness 



9.3 



9.0 ± 1.0 



Height 



13.0 



12.8 ±1.6 



T/H ratio 



0.72 



0.71 ±0.1 



6 Thickness 



8.6 



9.2 ± 1.0 



Height 



14.5 



13.9 ± 1.5 



T/H ratio 



0.59 



0.67 ±0.1 



7 Thickness 



9.7 



9.0 ±1.0 



Height 



13.6 



15.0± 1.9 



T/H ratio 



0.71 



0.61 ±0.1 



8 2 Thickness 



10.6 



8.6 + 0.8 



Height 



11.4 



15.5 ±2.5 



T/H ratio 



0.93 



0.57 ±0.1 



9 2 Thickness 



7.9 



8.0 ±0.8 



Height 



15.3 



17.0±2.8 



T/H ratio 



0.52 



0.48 ±0.1 



1 1 Thickness 



6.9 



6.1 ± 1.0 



Height 



13.2 



12.9 ±1.6 



T/H ratio 



0.52 



0.48 ±0.1 



'Taken 1cm distal of location of proximal thickness and height measurements. 

 ! Taken on left-side rib for Gough's Cave 1. 



tubercle is relatively slight in the left side rib (this region is not 

 preserved in the right-side rib). In the preserved right twelfth rib, an 

 obvious sulcus for M. quadratus lumborum can be seen, and the 

 attachment areas of M. serratus posterior inferior and M. latissimus 

 dorsi are clearly evident. The presence of crests for the levator costae 

 muscles, along with the visible insertion sites of the intercostal 

 muscles in some ribs and the development of the attachment areas of 

 the ligaments that bind the ribs to vertebrae suggest a moderately 

 high level of respiratory activity in this individual. However, this 

 general robusticity does not extend to all of the muscles of the back 

 and trunk that arise from or attach to the ribs. 



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