GOUGH'S CAVE 1: STUDY OF PELVIS AND LOWER LIMBS 



Fig. 3 Ventro-lateral view of the right ischiopubic region, with ventro- 

 medial view of the left ischiopubic ramus; x 0.6. 



Table 3 Osteometries of the Gough's Cave 1 ischio-pubic regions. 



Pubic length 1 



90.4 



90.2 



Acetabulo-symphyseal length 2 



65.5 



70.1 



Ventral pubic ramus thickness 3 



11.0 



11.4 



Symphyseal height (M-18) 



41.7 



42.4 



Symphyseal breadth (M-19) 



20.2 



21.7 



Symphyseal body breadth 4 



23.7 



24.0 



Obturator foramen length (M-20) 



62.2 



61.5 



Obturator foramen breadth (M-21) 



36.6 



37.2 



Ischial length 5 



87.0 



86.8 



Ischial tuberosity breadth 6 



27.2 



28.5 



Ischio-pubic ramus height 7 



- 



16.2 



Ischio-pubic ramus thickness 8 



- 



8.2 



Ischio-pubic chord'' 



102.8 



(102.0) 



Arcuate line chord 10 



- 



125.0 



1 Direct distance from the middle of the acetabulum to the medial symphysis. 



2 Direct distance from the medial symphysis to the nearest point on the acetabular 

 marrgin (McCown & Keith, 1939). 



3 Minimum thickness from the sulcus for the obturator vessels and nerve to the 

 middle of the cranial surface of the superior pubic ramus (Trinkaus, 1983). 



4 Minimum distance from the middle of the pubic symphysis to the adjacent 

 obturator foramen margin. 



5 Mid-acetabular point on the superior margin of the acetabular notch to the furthest 

 point on the ischial tuberosity. 



* Maximum breadth of the muscle attachment area on the tuberosity. 



' Minimum dimension of the ramus, measured in an supero-dorsal to infero- ventral 



direction, parallel to the ventro-lateral surface of the ramus. 



8 Minimum dimension of the ramus, measured perpendicular to the ramus height. 



'Direct distance between the dorsal end of the ischial spine and the inferior margin 



of the pubic symphysis [Tague (1989) measurement MD], 



10 Direct distance along the arcuate line from where it meets the anterior margin of 



the auricular surface to where it meets the pubic symphysis [Tague (1989) 



measurement KO]. 



of the ischium along the obturator foramen. There is a slight develop- 

 ment of ridged bone between the dorso-cranial comers of the 

 tuberosities and the ischial spines for the bursae of each Mm. 

 obturator internus, especially on the left side. However, the sulci for 

 each Mm. obturator internus do not impinge on the tuberosities, as in 

 many recent and Late Pleistocene humans (Trinkaus, 1996). This is 

 accompanied by a strong lateral rotation of the tuberosities, such that 

 their primary muscular surfaces are almost in the same planes as the 

 external ilia. 



The tips of the ischial spines are absent, but they appear to have 

 been curved inwards and moderately robust. 



Pubic bones (Table 3; Fig. 3). The pubic bones present prominent 

 pubic tubercles for the inguinal ligaments, accompanied by clear, 

 angled but not cresting pectineal lines, extending from adjacent to 

 the acetabulae to the symphysis. The ventral margins of the superior 

 pubic rami are moderately thick (11.0 and 11.4 mm), and end 

 ventrally in rounded but downwardly curved margins. The symphy- 

 seal bodies are narrow. 



The internal surfaces of the symphyseal bodies and the ischio- 

 pubic rami are smooth with only a hint of musculo-ligamentous 

 attachments, but the cranial two-thirds of the external ischio-pubic 

 rami have strong muscular markings and are ventrally flared. 



Acetabulae (Table 2). There is little of note on the acetabulae 

 except for a large pit on each of the subchondral bone surfaces in the 

 middle of the weight bearing portion (the middle of the iliac portion 

 between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliac pillar). The 

 details of it are obscured on the left side by adhering matrix, but on 

 the right side it is accompanied by a large vascular groove between 

 it and the acetabular notch plus a smaller pit 19.0mm ventral of it 

 immediately below the anterior inferior iliac spine. 



Pelvis as a Whole (Table 4; Figs 4, 5). The articulated Gough's 

 Cave 1 pelvis presents a largely symmetrical outline. The only real 

 right-to-left contrast is in the degree of iliac flare, in which the left 

 ilium is more laterally and less vertically oriented. The only other 

 visual difference, the apparently more open sub-pubic angle on the 

 right side, is the product of postmortem abrasion to the right ischio- 

 pubic ramus. 



The completeness of the Gough's Cave 1 pelvis permits compari- 

 sonsof some 'obstetric' dimensions to those of at least recent human 

 samples (Tague, 1989). In particular, comparisons are made to 

 Euroamerican males, matching sex and approximate geographic 

 origin. The pelvic funneling index of Gough's Cave 1 (outlet (bi- 

 tuberous) breadth vs. inlet breadth: 79.2) is essentially the same as 

 the mean of the recent Euroamerican male sample (78.8 ± 7.9, N = 

 50), and similar to the means of Afroamerican and Amerindian male 

 samples and well below the means of similar female samples (Tague, 

 1989). However, the inlet, midplane and outlet shape indices (dorso- 

 ventral vs. transverse diameter) of Gough's Cave 1 (100.0, 115.0and 

 104.2 respectively) contrast with those of the Euroamerican male 

 sample (79.0 ± 7.9, 133.4 ± 6.9, 111.1 ± 14.1; N = 50). In this, 

 Gough's Cave 1 has a much rounder pelvic inlet, one which is 

 hyperfemale. Its midplane index is low for either males or females, 

 and its outlet proportions are between the means of the Euroamerican 

 male and female samples. These proportions therefore combine with 

 several other aspects of its pelvic morphology in indicating a rela- 

 tively female-like but male pelvis. 



Table 4 Osteometries of the Gough's Cave 1 articulated pelvis. 



Pelvic inlet antero-posterior diameter (M-23) 

 Pelvic midplane antero-posterior diameter 1 

 Pelvic outlet antero-posterior diameter 2 

 Bi-iliac breadth (M-2) 

 Pelvic inlet transverse breadth (M-24) 

 Articular bi-acetabular breadth (M-7) 

 Minimum bi-acetabular breadth (M-7(l)) 

 Bi-spinous breadth (M-8) 

 Bi-tuberous (outlet) breadth 1 

 Sub-pubic angle (M-33) 



125.0 



112.0 



103.2 



274.0 



125.0 



126.0 



115.0 



97.4 



99.0 



64° 



1 Direct distance from transverse ventral line between fourth and fifth sacral vertebral 

 bodies to dorsomedial margin of the inferior pubic symphysis [Tague (1989) 

 measurement CD). 



2 Direct distance from the ventral apex of the fifth sacral vertebra to the dorso-medial 

 margin of the inferior pubic symphysis [Tague (1989) measurement DE]. 



1 Minimum distance between the two ischial tuberosities. 



