20 



E. TRINKAUS 



61.7 



72.4 



71.4 



59.6 



70.4 



69.4 



14.4 



9.7 



11.3 



12.9 



7.6 



7.1 



145.9 



57.9 



63.0 



75.6 



50.7 



50.6 



70.3 



7.2 



12.4 



438.1 



331.0 



472.1 



174.9 



207.2 



193.7 



613.0 



538.2 



665.8 



Table 20 Length and midshaft diaphyseal measurements of the Gough's 

 Cave 1 right metatarsals; in mm, unless otherwise noted. 



Maximum length 



Articular length (M-l, M-2) 



Midshaft height (M-4) 



Midshaft breadth (M-3) 



Total area (mm 2 ) 



Cortical area (mm 2 ) 



Medullary area (mm 2 ) 



Dorso-plantar 2nd moment of area (I x ) (mm 4 ) 



Medio-lateral 2nd moment of area (I v ) (mm 4 ) 



Polar moment of area (mm 4 ) 



Table 21 Osteometries of the Gough's Cave 1 right metatarsal epiphyses. 



1 3 4 



Proximal maximum height (M-7) 

 Proximal maximum breadth (M-6) 

 Proximal articular height 

 Proximal articular breadth 

 Lateral cuneiform breadth 1 

 Dorsal metatarsal 2 height 2 

 Dorsal metatarsal 2 breadth 

 Plantar metatarsal 2 height 

 Plantar metatarsal 2 breadth 

 Metatarsal 3 height 

 Metatarsal 3 breadth 

 Metatarsal 4 height 

 Metatarsal 4 breadth 

 Metatarsal 5 height 

 Metatarsal 5 breadth 

 Distal height (M-9) 

 Distal maximum breadth (M-8) 

 Distal articular breadth 

 Distal medial height 3 

 Distal lateral height 

 Torsion angle (M-l 1) 

 Horizontal angle 4 

 Vertical angle 5 

 Horizontal head angle 6 



SUMMARY 



30.1 



21.0 



19.0 



21.6 



14.3 



13.1 



30.1 



20.7 



18.6 



16.8 



13.6 



8.7 

 9.2 

 8.4 

 4.8 



11.3 

 11.9 



11.9 



2.3 



10.6 

 11.0 



10.3 

 11.3 



22.8 



15.5 



14.4 



21.9 



10.5 



11.1 



20.2 



9.8 



9.4 



19.6 







20.9 







3° 



14° 



25° 





16° 



21° 





4° 



15° 



7° 



'Breadths of the secondary proximal metatarsal facets are all proximo-distal. 



2 Heights of the secondary proximal metatarsal facets are all dorso-plantar. 



'Distal medial and lateral heights are from each hallucal sesamoid sulci to the dorsal 



margin of the metatarsal head. 



4 Angle between the coronal plane of the main metatarsal facet and the diaphyseal 



axis in the horizontal plane of the bone. A positive angle indicates a medial deviation 



of the facet. 



5 Angle between the coronal plane of the main metatarsal facet and the diaphyseal 



axis in the sagittal plane of the bone. A positive angle indicates a plantar deviation of 



the facet. 



"Angle in the horizontal plane between the intersesamoid crest and the diaphyseal 



axis. 



The relative lengths of the Gough's Cave 1 metatarsals can be 

 assessed by comparing their articular lengths to talar length and 

 femoral bicondylar length. In the first comparison, the first and third 

 rays produce indices of 108.4 and 128.0, which are slightly shorter 

 and longer respectively than the means of a Mesolithic sample 

 (metatarsal 1: 113.6 ± 7.3, N = 5; metatarsal 3: 122.9 ± 1 1.8, N = 5). 

 Comparing the same lengths to femoral length produces indices of 

 13.7 and 16.1, values which are similar to and slightly above the 

 means of a Mesolithic sample ( 13.8 ± 0.8, N = 5 and 15.6 ± 1.1, N = 

 5 respectively). 



The lower limb remains of Gough's Cave 1 are therefore those of a 

 largely average young adult male, compared to other European 

 Mesolithic specimens. Overall diaphyseal robusticity is generally 

 similar to that of other Mesolithic specimens, even though the fibula 

 and third metatarsal appear relatively gracile. In general, however, 

 musculo-ligamentous attachment areas are weakly marked, in terms 

 of the prominence, size and rugosity of the various crests and 

 tuberosities. The exceptions to this are the marked pilasters of the 

 femora (but weak lineae asperae) and the large proximal tibio-fibular 

 ligament crest on the right fibula. 



The proximal femora and the femoral diaphyses exhibit a clear 

 asymmetry, especially in their neck-shaft angles and diaphyseal 

 dimensions. This asymmetry is accompanied, in the pelvis, by a 

 greater degree of lateral flare of the left ilium. It is not possible to 

 determine, given primarily preservation of only the right side below 

 the knee, whether this asymmetry continued distally. 



These aspects are associated with a pelvis that combines several 

 distinctly male characteristics with an overall pelvic aperture shape 

 which is female. 



Acknowledgements. I would like to thank Chris Stringer for inviting 

 me to participate in the Cheddar Man project. I am very grateful to Steve 

 Churchill for taking over the description of the upper limb and axial remains, 

 thereby relieving me of the need to sequence the ribs, and to Trent Holliday 

 and Steve Churchill for dealing with issues of body size and proportions. 

 Steve Churchill also collected lower limb osteometries and generated the raw 

 data for the Mesolithic comparative lower limb cross sections, and Erik 

 Ozolins digitized all of them. The femoral and tibial cross-sectional geometry 

 samples were greatly expanded through the work of Brigitte Holt. My 

 participation in this project has been supported by the Interdisciplinary 

 Research Fund of the Natural History Museum (London) and National 

 Science Foundation grant SBR-93 18702. To all of these individuals and 

 institutions 1 am grateful. This paper was submitted and accepted for publica- 

 tion in October 1997. 



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