24 



D.E. HAWKEY 



The dental remains described here include three males (all Late 

 Pleistocene/Early Holocene), with the remaining six of indetermi- 

 nate sex. The Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene adults range in dental 

 age from adolescent (n = 1 ), young adult (n = 1 ), young-middle adult 

 (n = 3), middle-older adult (n = 2). The two Late Holocene individu- 

 als are an adolescent (Gough's Cave 4) and a middle-older age adult 

 (Gough's Cave 5). Age determination for adolescents is based on 

 eruption, degree of root formation, and occlusal wear. Adult age is 

 based on degree of dental attrition, using the adolescent sample as a 

 baseline. 



Morphology: Crown and root morphology data for 105 teeth 

 were collected using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropol- 

 ogy System (Turner et al 1991 ). The Dental Anthropology System 

 (DAS) consists of a series of rank-scaled reference plaques to score 

 trait presence and degree of expression. When congenital absence of 

 a tooth was suspected, the score was confirmed through use of 

 radiographs. Data for two additional crown traits (to be added to 

 DAS in the future) were collected: 1 ) maxillary premolar accessory 

 ridge (Burnett et al 1996) and 2) upper premolar buccal style 

 (Hawkey n.d.a). 



For the purpose of analysis, the individual count was used (Turner 

 & Scott 1977), a method that assumes the highest grade of expres- 

 sion for a given antimere best characterizes an individual's genotype 

 for that trait. Thus, the score used for an individual is the highest 

 grade observed between the two sides. In order to maximize sample 

 size when only one side is present, the score for that side is used, and 

 symmetry is assumed. Comparative key trait data for nine geo- 

 graphic populations were obtained from the literature and adjusted 

 to reflect the DAS breakpoints for presence/absence following meth- 

 odology used by Turner (1987). The key traits for a given tooth/ 

 feature are considered to be the most reliable population discrimina- 

 tors, and are scored for the teeth considered to be the least influenced 

 by environmental factors according to the Field concept (Dahlberg 

 1945). 



Metrics: Odontometric measurements for 59 teeth were taken 

 using Helios needle-point calipers, calibrated to 0.05 mm. Each 

 measurement was taken on three separate occasions and all were 

 found to be within 0.05 mm difference. When discrepancies occurred, 

 the results of the three measurements were averaged. The mesiodis- 

 tal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) diameters of the maximum crown 

 length and breadth were obtained, following the methods of Moorrees 

 (1957). Teeth with observable interproximal wear were not meas- 

 ured for MD diameter. In addition, data for crown height of unworn 

 teeth and complete root length were collected. 



Asymmetry between right and left antimeres in both MD and 

 BL diameters were assessed by paired samples t-test. A metric 

 description of crown size and shape dimension was calculated by 

 use of Crown Index, Crown Area, and Crown Module for all 

 premolars and molars. Crown Index ([BL/MD] x 100) provides a 

 measurement of relative crown breadth, with a score of 100 indi- 

 cating that the BL and MD measurements are equal; a score greater 

 than 100 denotes that the BL diameter is larger than the MD 

 diameter. Crown Area (MDxBL) provides occlusal surface area, 

 although it is assumed that the surface is rectangular. Crown Mod- 

 ule ([MD+BL]/2) is calculated to indicate the average diameter of 

 the tooth. While Crown Index provides some idea of occlusal 

 shape, the Crown Module and Area describe the size of the crown. 

 Incisor Breath (MD diameter IVMD diameter of I 1 ) was also deter- 

 mined because the MD ratio of the upper incisors has been 

 proposed as useful in population affinity assessment (Lukacs 1985; 

 Potter et al 1981). 



When both sides were present, left side data were utilized for 

 odontometric analysis. Due to the limited number of teeth available 



for analysis, right side measurements were used when the left side 

 was absent (Goose 1 963 ). Data from both sexes were pooled, because 

 only three males could be identified reliably in the sample. 



In order to characterize the population in a single figure, the Total 

 Crown Area (sum of the mean crown area for all maxillary and 

 mandibular teeth on one side) was calculated and presented as 

 millimetres squared ( mm 2 ). The Molar Crown Area for M 1 -M2 teeth 

 ( M 1 M2C A ) was also calculated ( sum of the Crown Area of maxil- 

 lary and mandibular first and second molars on one side) in order to 

 assess posterior tooth size. Ordinarily, the M3 is included in the 

 calculation, but a lack of M3 data in the comparative samples 

 necessitated use of only M 1 and M2. The Penrose shape/size statistic 

 (Penrose 1954) was used to assess dental metric population similari- 

 ties based on both size and shape components; Corruccini ( 1 973 ) has 

 found the shape component to be particularly useful for population 

 comparisons. 



Pathology/occlusal attrition/crown chipping: Data for three 

 forms of dental pathology (caries, abscessing, periodontal disease), 

 calculus deposition and enamel hypoplasia were collected. Caries 

 were scored for presence/location, following the definitions and 

 procedures established by Koritzer (1977). An abscess was defined 

 as a perforation of the alveolar bone connected to the root socket, 

 while periodontal disease was noted in terms of degree of root 

 exposure with antemortem erosion of the alveolar border (Turner et 

 al, 1991). Calculus deposition was scored following Brothwell's 

 (1981) definition of slight, medium, and heavy. Presence of enamel 

 hypoplasia was scored as either chronic or acute episodes, in linear 

 or pitting forms, with the dental age development estimate obtained 

 from Schour and Massler's (1940) crown formation chart for U.S. 

 Whites. Degree of occlusal attrition (wear) was noted for each tooth, 

 following procedures established in DAS, with a score of '0' indicat- 

 ing no wear, ' .5 ' as trace wear facets seen with 1 Ox magnification, ' 1 ' 

 has dentine exposed, '2' indicates cusps are worn away, '3' is 

 exposed pulp, and '4' as functional root stump, with all or most of the 

 enamel missing. Antemortem crown chipping (microtrauma) was 

 determined through examination by a lOx hand lens to differentiate 

 from post-mortem damage. Any presence of chipping was noted as 

 to tooth and location on the tooth. 



Other features: Any evidence of intentional dental modification 

 (ablation, filing, inlay, staining), cleaning striations (brushing, inter- 

 proximal 'toothpick' grooves), or occupational use of teeth were 

 described. 



SPECIMEN DESCRIPTIONS: LATE 

 PLEISTOCENE/EARLY HOLOCENE 



Specimen. Gough's Cave 87-25/87/49 (including Specimens 

 009,120a, 120b, 165, 264b) 



Time period. Late Pleistocene (Late Upper Paleolithic) 



Description. Individual is an older adolescent (approximately 

 15-18 years), based on eruption pattern and degree of occlusal wear. 

 The specimen includes the left maxilla (87/25), right maxilla (87/ 

 87), and mandible (87/49), including the RI, (87/264b), LI, (87/ 

 102a), RP 3 (87/120b), LP 3 (87/165), and LP 4 (89/009). Maxillary 

 dentition: Present are the LRI 1 2 , LR C , LP 3 , retained deciduous lm 2 , 

 LM' 2 and an unerupted LM 3 . The RP 3 , RP 4 , RM 1 2 3 are missing post- 

 mortem and there is postmortem damage (chipping) on the occlusal 

 edges of the RI 1 2 and the paracone of LM 2 . Mandibular dentition: 

 Teeth present are the RI, LI„ LRP r LP 4 , LRM, ,, and unerupted 



