28 



D.E. HAWKEY 



Table 2 Number of Gough's Cave individuals (Late Pleistocene/Early 

 Holocene) with any morphological expression for a given trait. 



Data are presented only for grades that were present in the sample. Traits 

 lacking any morphological expression in the sample are winging (UI1 ), labial 

 curvature (UI1), shovel (UI1-2, UC, LI1-2), double-shovel (UI1-2, UC, 

 UP3), interruption groove (UI1-2), canine mesial accessory ridge (UC), 

 canine distal accessory ridge (UC, LC), premolar distal accessory cusps 

 (UP3-4), maxillary premolar accessory ridge (UP3 only), premolar buccal 

 style (UP3-4), disto-sagittal ridge (UP3), odontomes (UP3-4, LP3-4), 

 Carabelli's trait (UM1-2-3), parastyle (UM1-2-3), anterior fovea (UM1), 

 deflecting wrinkle (LM2-3 only), distal trigonid crest (LM2-3 only), cusp 6 

 (LM1-2-3), cusp 7 (LM1-2-3), mid-trigonid crest (LM2-3 only). 



All upper and lower incisors, canines and premolars are single-rooted. The 

 only data available for molars are from a single individual who has both lower 

 Ml (two-rooted) and a lower M2 (three-rooted). 



Tuberculum Dentale 



grade 



Ull 



U12 UC 





 1 



2 



1 

 1 

 



1 2 







1 2 



Total 



2 



2 4 



Upper 



Molar 



Cusp 5 



grade 



UM1 



UM2 UM3 







3 

 4 



3 

 

 



1 1 

 1 

 1 



Total 



3 



3 1 



Metacone 





grade UM1 



UM2 UM3 



3.5 

 4 3 



1 1 



2 



Total 3 



3 1 



Hypocone 







grade 



UM1 



UM2 



UM3 



1 







1 



1 



3 







2 







4 



2 











5 



1 











Total 



3 



3 



1 



Enamel Extension 



grade UP3 UP4 UM1 UM2 UM3 





2 13 2 1 

 10 10 





Total 2 13 3 1 





Peg, Reduced, Congenital Absence 





grade UI2 UP4 UM3 LI1 LP4 LM3 



+ 322562 

 10 1 



Total 3 2 3 5 6 3 



Lower Molar Cusp Pattern 



grade LM1 



LM2 LM3 



Y 3 

 X 

 + 



1 

 2 



1 



Total 3 



3 1 



Lower Molar Cusp Numb er 



grade 



LM1 



LM2 



LM3 



4 

 5 







3 



3 

 1 



1 

 



Total 



3 



4 



1 



Premolar Lingual Cusp 



grade LP3 LP4 





2 

 A 1 



1 1 





Total 2 2 





Lower Molar Cusp 



5 



grade LM1 LM2 LM3 



4 3 1 



5 3 10 



Total 3 4 1 



Protostylid 





grade LM1 



LM2 LM3 



2 



1 1 



4 1 

 



Total 3 



4 1 



Tomes 



Root 



grade 



LP3 



1 

 3 1 



Total 



2 



RESULTS: LATE PLEISTOCENE/EARLY 

 HOLOCENE REMAINS 



Morphology. Grades for teeth with a given trait (number or indi- 

 viduals = 7, number of teeth = 97) are summarized in Table 2, and 

 include root number data obtained from the alveolar socket when 

 postmortem loss of a tooth occurred. In general, Gough's Cave 

 individuals have a simplified, modern Homo sapiens dental pattern, 

 and lack strong expression for almost all traits. 



Presence/absence breakpoints for key tooth/trait combinations 

 limit the sample available for analysis due to use of the individual 

 count (number of key trait observations = 65). There is a lack of 

 winging (0/2), shovel I' (0/2), double shovel I 1 (0/2), interruption 

 groove I 2 (0/2), upper canine mesial accessory ridge, or 'Bushman's 

 canine' (0/2), upper canine distal accessory ridge (0/1 ), disto-sagittal 

 ridge or 'Uto-Aztecan premolar' P 3 (0/2), Carabelli's trait M 1 (0/3), 

 cusp 5 M 1 (0/3), parastyle M 3 (0/1), enamel extension M 1 (0/4), 

 greater than one lingual cusp P 4 (0/2), Y-groove M (0/3), cusp 6 M [ 

 (0/3), cusp 7 M (0/3), two-rooted lower canine (0/4), three-rooted 

 lower molar (0/1), one-rooted M, (0/1), or upper/lower premolar 

 odontomes (0/5). There are some instances of presence of tubercu- 

 lum dentale I 2 (1/2), peg/reduced/congenital absence of M 3 (1/3), 

 protostylid M 1 (1/3), Tomes' root P (1/2). Higher frequencies were 

 noted for presence of one-rooted P 3 (2/2), presence of hypocone M 2 

 (2/3) and four-cusped M, (3/4). 



Metrics: Out of 58 teeth measured in the Late Pleistocene/ 

 Early Holocene sample, a total of 16 permanent maxillary teeth 

 and 21 permanent mandibular teeth supplied data for the seven 

 individuals, with the means summarized in Table 3. Fluctuating 

 dental asymmetry in tooth size is present in the sample, although 

 the results from paired t-tests between antimeres do not indicate 

 significant differences statistically (p = 0.05). Only one individual 

 (Gough's Cave 6) had all maxillary or mandibular molar teeth 

 present. Crown Area in Gough's Cave 6 indicates an upper molar 

 decrease from M 1 > M 2 > M 3 . Lower molars follow a slightly 

 different pattern of M, > M, < M r 



The TCA for the Gough's Cave sample is 1,244 mm 2 (I1-M3) and 

 1 ,034 mm 2 (II -M2), while the M 1 M2CA is 486 mm 2 . There is a lack 

 of reduction in lateral incisor MD diameters when compared to the 

 MD measurement for the central incisors, with the incisor breadth 

 (I 1 : I 2 ) ratio of 0.83. 



Pathology/occlusal attrition/crown chipping: All seven indi- 

 viduals could be assessed for pathology, although of these, three 

 were represented by isolated teeth. There is an apparent lack of 

 caries and abscessing in this series. Antemortem tooth loss (LP 4 ) 

 occurred in only one individual (87/139). This same young adult 

 also has the only instance of macroscopically observable enamel 

 hypoplasia, an acute episode with pitting which occurs at the 

 cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) of three teeth (I 1 , c , M 1 ) during 

 crown formation between three to five years of age. Although no 

 periodontal pockets occur, one adult male (Gough's Cave 6) showed 

 evidence of 1-2 mm of root exposure of M„ the only tooth remain- 

 ing, the rest having been lost postmortem. There does seem to be 

 higher degree of calculus deposition (slight grades: confined to 

 crown but not extending to the CEJ) occurring in two young-middle 

 age adults (87-253, 89-001), including only one of the three identi- 

 fiable males in the sample. 



The degree of attrition in the sample is similar to other hunter/ 

 gatherer groups, in that the rate of wear is not excessive (i.e., the pulp 

 chamber is not exposed before secondary dentine is formed to 

 protect tooth integrity). Thus, the majority of wear seems likely to be 

 age-related rather than occupational or due to highly abrasive diet. In 



