30 



D.E. HAWKEY 



Table 4 Results for 20 dental traits for Gough's Cave, seven Early populations, and two Recent populations (no. of individuals = 296-1494), compared 

 with Early World average (based on nine geographic populations (North Asia, Nubia, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, South Asia, Early Eurasia, North Europe, 

 Levant, and North American Paleo-Indian). Data for the Early World Average are taken from personal observations and literature (as cited in Hawkey 

 1998). 



= absence of any expression; + = some expression (less than or equal to 50% of the sample); ++ = more than half the sample; L = less than 5% of the 

 Early World Average ; A = within 5% more than or less than the Early World Average; H = more than 5% of the Early World Average. Similarities in trait 

 expression percentage indicated in boldface. Gough's Cave score of "0" is similar to "0" and "L", while "+" is similar to "L" or "A". Scores of "++" would 

 be equal to either "A" or "H". 











Early 











Early 





Early 



Trait 



Gough's 



Early 



Early 



South 



Early 



Early 



Recent 



Early 



North 



Recent 



World 





Cave 1 



Jomon 2 



Baikal 3 



Asia 4 



Levant 5 



Europe 6 



Europe 7 



Nubia 8 



Africa" 



Khoisan 10 



Average 



Wing 







A 



H 



L 











L 



H 



L 



A 



17.9% 



Shov 







A 



H 



H 



L 



A 



L 



H 



A 



H 



28.2% 



DbShov 







L 



H 



L 



L 



A 



L 







L 







19.5% 



IG 







H 



H 



H 



L 







— 



L 



H 



L 



27.7% 



TD 



+ 



L 



L 



L 



H 



H 



H 



L 



L 



A 



48.0% 



MAR 







L 



A 







H 



A 







H 



A 



H 



7.7% 



Hypo 



++ 



A 



H 



H 



H 



A 



L 



A 



H 



L 



88.7% 



UMC5 







A 



— 



A 



L 



L 



L 



A 



A 



A 



26.1% 



Para 







A 



H 



A 



A 







A 







A 



A 



3.4% 



Cara 







L 



A 



A 



L 



L 



H 



H 



H 



H 



28.3% 



PRCA 



+ 



A 



A 



L 



H 



— 



— 



— 



L 



H 



16.3% 



EnExt 







A 



A 















L 



H 



L 







14.4% 



1RUP1 



++ 



H 



H 



— 



L 



— 



L 



L 



L 



H 



56.3% 



PLC# 







A 



A 



L 



A 



H 



L 



H 



H 



A 



67.4% 



Y 







H 



L 



H 



H 



L 



L 



H 



H 



H 



20.9% 



6CLM1 







H 



H 



L 



L 



L 



L 



A 



L 



L 



26.0% 



4CLM2 



++ 



L 



L 



H 



L 



H 



H 







L 



L 



71.4% 



Proto 



+ 



L 



H 



L 



L 



H 



L 



H 



A 



A 



22.6% 



C7 







A 



H 



A 



A 



L 



H 



A 



A 



H 



6.8% 



Tomes 



+ 



L 



A 



— 



A 



L 



L 



H 



L 



A 



21.3% 



Totals 





16/20 



10/19 



15/18 



14/20 



15/18 



13/18 



8/19 



14/20 



12/20 









80.0% 



52.6% 



83.3% 



70.0% 



83.3% 



72.2% 



42.1% 



70.0% 



60.0% 





1 Present study 



2 Turner 1987 

 'Turner 1987 



4 Hawkey 1977; Lukacs 1986 



5 Lipschultz 1996 



6 Alexandersen 1963; Beillard, cited in Brabant 1976; Brabant 1971, 1976; Brabant & Ketelbant 1975; Brabant et al. 1961;deTerra 1905; Haeussler 1996; Hellman 1928; Turner 



6 Benjamin 1989; Turner & Hawkey 1991, 1998 



7 Axelsson & Kirveskari 1977; Brabant & Ketelbant 1975; Goose & Lee 1971; Guigui 1974; Hjelmman 1928; Kaczmarek 1981; Kirveskari 1974; Lavelle et al. 1970; Morris 

 1975; Morris et al. 1978; Pedersen 1949; Sauter & Moeschler 1960; Schwerz 1917; Scott 1973, 1977; Selmer-Olsen 1949; Turner & Benjamin 1989; Turner & Hawkey 1991, 

 1998; Zubov & Kaldiva 1979 



8 Irish 1993 

 » Irish 2000 

 '"Irish 1993 



(Turner & Hawkey 1998) however, with the range in modern North 

 Europeans (29-80%) quite variable in terms of trait presence. 

 Although presence of Carabelli's trait averages 43% in modern 

 North Europe, the same percentage is found in North American 

 Indians, and is often even higher (53%) in modern sub-Saharan and 

 West Africans. 



Thus, by the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene, Gough's Cave 

 shows the strongest dental similarity with Noth Europe, South/ 

 Southwest Asia and North Africa. They appear to be dentally unlike 

 either East Africa (Nubia), South Africa (modem Khoisan), or North 

 Asia (Baikal). 



Metrics: While the amount of environmental influence on tooth 

 size is debatable (Goose 1963; Hillson 1986; Kieser 1990; Lukacs 

 1985; Scott & Turner 1988, 1999), crown shape appears to be 

 another reliable way to assess population affinity (Corruccini 1973). 

 When compared with TCA results for earlier samples from Europe 

 (Table 5) Gough's Cave is approximately 13% smaller than Euro- 

 pean Neanderthal dentition (based on I1-M3), but only 3% smaller 



than Late Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Gough's Cave is closest to 

 other European Mesolithic populations, and have teeth 4% larger 

 than Neolithic Europeans, and 10% larger than modern Europeans. 

 The latter result supports the post-Pleistocene trend towards dental 

 reduction, most likely due to relaxed selection for large tooth/body 

 size (Brace & Mahler 1971; Wolpoff 1971). 



Table 5 Temporal comparisons of Total Crown Area (TCA) for early to 

 recent Europe. Gough's Cave value is calculated with M3 data to 

 compare with published information. (Source for non-Gough's Cave 

 sample; Brace et al 1991). 



TCA (mm 



2 )I1-M3 



Period 



1415 





Neanderthal 



1267 





Late Upper Paleolithic Europe 



1237 





Mesolithic Europe 



1244 





Gough's Cave (Late Upper Paleolithic-Mesolithic) 



1196 





Neolithic Europe 



1127 





Modern Europe 



