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P. ANDREWS AND Y. FERNANDEZ-JALVO 



seen, so that at least four individuals are indicated. All four left femora 

 are dyaphysis fragments that represent small individuals, and in addi- 

 tion there is a right proximal femur and fragments of diaphysis from a 

 larger sized individual (Trinkaus 2000), so that the MNI indicated by 

 the femur is five. Nine tibia fragments indicate four individuals, two 

 large and two small (Trinkaus 2000), but only one was seen. 



Humerus: There are six fragments of humeri, all of them from a 

 single human individual. The shafts are split longitudinally (shaft 

 circumference category 1, shaft fragmentation categories 1 and 2 

 according to Villa and Mahieu 1 99 1 ). The ends are absent, with only 

 one split fragment of shaft near the neck of the head (GC'87, no. 12). 

 Cut-marks appear on four of the six fragments of humerus (67%). 

 Cuts run obliquely along the shaft clustered or isolated covering 

 rugose surfaces or muscle attachments (deltoid crest, triceps inser- 

 tion or brachialis muscle). One of the specimens (GC'87, no. 12) 

 preserves the area near the head, and it is here where a cut runs 

 transversally across the humerus on the attachment of teres minor. 

 Distally in the same fragment there are also scraping marks near the 

 fracture edge. The scraping marks probably resulted from the removal 

 of soft tissues that could have absorbed the blow when breaking the 

 bone to extract the marrow (Binford, 1981). Three of these cut- 



marked fragments of humerus also show percussion marks along the 

 broken edges. Some of these fragments also have conchoidal scars, 

 adhered flakes and/or removed flakes, also located on the broken 

 edge. Only one fragment of humerus has weathering in stage 1 

 (Behrensmeyer, 1 978) and two are affected by trampling, but none of 

 them have tooth marks. 



Summary of humeri. Total 6 specimens, all human. 

 Cut-marks: 4 specimens (2 on fossils from the 1987 collections) 

 Percussion marks: 3 specimens (2 on fossils from the 1987 collec- 

 tions) 



Conchoidal scars: 1 specimen ( 1 on fossils from the 1987 collections) 

 Adhered flake: 1 specimen 

 Removed flake: 1 specimen 



Ulna: There are five fragments of ulna, four of them from humans 

 (2 rights, 2 lefts, 2MNI) and one from a horse. The human fragments 

 of ulna consist of longitudinal splits, as seen on the humeri, but 

 several fragments have been refitted so that they now form most of 

 the bone circumference (3 of them have circumference category 3 

 according to the classification of Villa and Mahieu, 1 99 1 ). Two of the 

 ulnae have cuts on the surface, running obliquely to the length of the 



Fig. 1 A, Left human ulna GC87-209, midshaft fragment with part of the lateral aspect of the shaft. Cut-marks run obliquely across the posterior ridge (i.e. 

 along the bottom of the shaft), and another concentration occurs more distally (not shown here). There is extensive peeling at the proximal end, on the left 

 as shown here, and three massive percussion impact marks can be seen medially, along the upper edge of the bone as viewed here. There is also an 

 adhered flake on the lateral aspect. B, Six fragments making up most of right human ulna M54066 (GC202, 243. 1 19c). Fractures are mixed, smooth, and 

 fragmentation 3/4. Breakage appears to be natural with no percussion marks and no cut-marks. C, Proximal radius and ulna GC89-071&073 of Equus 

 ferus. Cut-marks are seen on the olecranon process. A, x 1 .6; B, x 0.5; C, x 0.7. 



