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P. ANDREWS AND Y. FERNANDEZ-JALVO 



Fig. 7 A, First phalanx of Equusferus M49730. Two areas of cut-marks are present, both on the ventral surface, one laterally and the other proximally. B, 

 First phalanx of Equusferus M49788. Very heavy percussion marks are present on the ventral (palmar) surface of the distal articulation, seen as two 

 rosette-shaped multiple marks with a single additional mark laterally, and at the proximal end there are two extensive areas of percussion damage 

 ventrally, on either side of the proximal articular surface and extending round on to this surface. C, Middle phalanx of Equusferus, M50030. A series of 

 distinct cut-marks cross the dorsal surface on the shaft and the medial edge of the distal articular surface. D, SEM micrographs of a set of stone tool cut- 

 marks of a second phalanx of equid (M49999). These marks are related to meat filleting. The cut-marks are characterised by V-shaped sections, 

 microstriations running linearly along the length of the cut, lateral and more superficial cut ( 'shoulder effect' Shipman and Rose 1 98 1 ) and irregular 

 displaced bone on the side of the striations caused by resistance of the bone to the cut friction ( 'herzinian cones' Bromage and Boyde, 1984). A, x 0.9; B, 

 x0.85;C,x 1.3. 



unmarked ribs, only 2 of the 15 are complete. Cut-marks are present 

 on 25 of the ribs and occur on the shafts as well as both caudal and 

 sternal ends. Extensive peeling is seen on the human ribs, sometimes 

 on both ends of the fragment and sometimes also on the shaft at the 

 inferior border or broken edges. Percussion marks are frequent on 

 most of the ribs (Fig. 10B). 



There is one case of percussion damage on associated human ribs 

 that suggest that this activity took place when the ribs were still 

 anatomically joined together. There are two percussion/chop marks 

 that coincide between the inferior border of rib 5 and the superior 

 border of rib 6 of individual 2 (Fig. 10 B). In addition there is a 

 massive chop mark on the superior border of rib 5 coinciding with a 

 percussion mark on the inferior border of rib 4 from the same 



individual. Rib 4 also has extensive peeling all along the inferior 

 border on the outer surface (Fig. 1 1 ). The inner surfaces of the ribs 

 are affected by cut-marks on 5 human ribs from both individual 1 and 

 2, and similar marks are seen on a large mammal rib that also bears 

 percussion marks. In any case, the outer surface of the ribs is the most 

 affected area by intensive cutting, percussion and peeling. 



Cut-marks on ribs are mainly oblique to the long axis of the bone, 

 but also longitudinal and sometimes transverse around the head of 

 the ribs on both animal (Fig. 12A) and human ribs (Fig. 12B). 

 Scratches related to anvil-hammerstone effect have also been 

 observed on at least two ribs. Fig. 1 3 shows the actual number of cut- 

 marks found on all human ribs from Gough's Cave. 



Tooth marks are recorded on only two human ribs, but they could 



