CANNIBALISM IN BRITAIN: TAPHONOMY OF FAUNAL AND HUMAN REMAINS FROM GOUGH'S CAVE 



69 



Table 3 Human induced modifications observed on ribs and clavicles. The ribs are identified to individual 1 or 2, their number and left or right. Modifica- 

 tions are shown according to their position on the bones (internal surface, outer surface, caudal end, mid-haft, sternal end, and inferior or superior 

 borders). Modifications are identified as c = cutmark; p = peeling; perc = percussion/chop marks. Sequences of modifications are given in order of 

 importance. 



Register 

 number: 

 RIBS 



Identity 



Side 



Internal 

 surface 



Outer 

 surface 



Caudal 



Shaft 



Sternum 



Inferior 



Superior 



M54016 



human 



ind.2 



V L 





c 





c 









M54017 



human 



ind.2 



2 nd L 





p/c 





p/c 





P 



c 



M54018 



human 



ind.2 



3 rd L 





P 



P 











M54019 



human 



ind.2 



4 th 





c/p/perc 





p/perc 



c 



perc/p 



c 



M54020 



human 



ind.2 



5"'L 





perc 





perc 





perc 



perc 



M54021 



human 



ind.2 



7"'L 





(chop)/c/p 



c/perc/p 



perc(chop) 





perc 





M54022 



human 



ind.2 



6'" L (2/3 rib) 





perc/c 



c 



perc(chop) 



c 





perc(chop) 



M 54023 



human 



ind.2 



8 ,h -9' h L (head rib) 





c 



c 







c 





M 54024 



human 



ind.2 



8 lh -9 lh L (body frag) 





c 





c 









M54025 



human 



ind.2 



8' h -9 lh L (body frag) 

















M54026 



human 



ind.2 



2 nd R (1/2 body) 

















M54027 



human 



ind.2 



3 rd R 





perc 





perc 









M54028 



human 



ind.2 



4"'R 





c/p/perc 





perc 



c/p 





chop 



M54029 



human 



ind.2 



5 ,h R 





c/perc 



perc 





c 



perc 





M54030 



human 



ind.2 



6"' R (part body) 





c 





c 







c 



M54031 



human 



ind.2 



7"'-9' h R(headofrib) 



c 





c 











M54032 



human 



ind.2 



10 lh R (part body) 

















M 54001 



human 



ind.l 



1 S, L 





c 



c 







c 



c 



M54002 



human 



ind.l 



2 nd L (caudal end) 

















M 54003 



human 



ind.l 



3 rd L (caudal end) 





P 





P 





P 





M54004 



human 



ind.l 



4"'L 

















M54005 



human 



ind.l 



5'"L 





c 







c 







M54006 



human 



ind.l 



6 ll, L 

















M 54007 



human 



ind.l 



7 .h_ 9 .h L (frag b , ade) 





c/perc 





c 







perc 



M54008 



human 



ind.l 



12 lh L 





P 













M 54009 



human 



ind.l 



2 nd R 



c 





c 







c 





M54010 



human 



ind.l 



4"'R 



c 







c 









M54011 



human 



ind.l 



5 lh R 

















M54012 



human 



ind.l 



6 lh R (caudal end) 



c 



c 



c 







c 



c 



M54013 



human 



ind.l 



7 ll, -9 l " R (shaft) 

















M54014 



human 



ind.l 



11"' R 



c 



c 



c 





c 



c 



c 



M54015 



human 



ind.l 



12 ,h R (part blade) 





c/p 





c/p 





P 



c 



M 5403 3 



human 



















M54034 



human 







c 







c 



c 



c 



M54035 



human 



















M54036 



human 



















M54038 



human 



















M54040 



human 



















M54041 



human 



















M54052 



human 



2 indet. fragments 

















GC86 28 



equid-cervid 







c 







c 





c 



GC'86 28 



equid-cervid 

 equid-cervid 



L 





perc/c 

 perc/c 



perc 



perc/c 

 c 





P 





GC'89 3 



equid-cervid 





perc/c 



c 



perc/c 







P 





GC90 184 



equid-cervid 







c 













CLAVICLES 





















M54053 



human 



L 



c 



c 



c 



c 



c 



c 



c 



M54054 



human 



R 





c/p 



P 





c 



scraping 





M54055 



human 



R 



c 



c 



c 







c 



c 



not be measured. It is possible that these chewing marks could be 

 human in origin (1 human rib). Carnivore chewing has also been 

 recorded on one deer rib, type a average 1.9, N = 6, and type b 

 average 1 .3, N = 5. Trampling marks have been seen on 4 human ribs. 

 Six ribs are weathered, but only to stage 1 . One of the human ribs is 

 affected by weathering on the outer side but the inner side looks 

 fresh. Manganese oxide stains are present on one large mammal rib, 

 and one human rib has root-marks on its surface. 



Summary of ribs. Total 45 specimens, 40 human, 5 large mammal 



Cut-marks: 25 specimens (20 humans, 5 large mammals) 

 Percussion: 1 1 specimens (8 humans, 3 large mammals) 

 Peeling: 8 specimens (8 humans) 



Clavicles: There are three specimens of human clavicle, two of 

 them almost complete (Fig. 14). They have cut-marks on both the 

 inner and outer surfaces, caudal, shaft and sternum surfaces, and on 

 both the inferior and superior edges (Table 3). There are no percus- 

 sion marks, anvil-hammerstone scratches, conchoidal or flakes that 

 may suggest breakage of this anatomical element, though peeling is 



